WEBVTT 00:06.895 --> 00:07.836 [SPEAKER_01]: Woohoo! 00:08.236 --> 00:10.617 [SPEAKER_01]: All right! 00:11.058 --> 00:16.041 [SPEAKER_01]: Welcome back to Yafunafu, and I'm here with brother Anthony. 00:16.541 --> 00:21.064 [SPEAKER_00]: Good to be here, good to be here, we're in the same region of the world where I like it. 00:21.104 --> 00:25.207 [SPEAKER_01]: Yeah, we're in the Midwest, you're I'm up north and you're down south. 00:26.307 --> 00:29.129 [SPEAKER_00]: Down all the way south in Chicago. 00:29.269 --> 00:35.533 [SPEAKER_01]: Yeah, I'm just over the border of Illinois into Wisconsin about maybe 45 minutes. 00:38.617 --> 00:39.037 [SPEAKER_00]: Right. 00:39.077 --> 00:39.378 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah. 00:39.678 --> 00:41.039 [SPEAKER_00]: It's that it's that close. 00:41.979 --> 00:51.586 [SPEAKER_01]: I've been traveling all around and I'll go and deeper with that with food and possibly you, but yeah, we're not that's not with this episode. 00:51.606 --> 01:02.434 [SPEAKER_01]: It's about because I'm still on vacation and I want to one to talk to brother Anthony about the whole thing with the Canadian fires that we're happening because I was experiencing as well as he was. 01:02.954 --> 01:17.458 [SPEAKER_01]: the smoke from it, and so I was like, oh, we got to go and just kind of tap on that and the whole thing about what's causing that and just kind of go deeper into the science of it. 01:18.218 --> 01:24.680 [SPEAKER_01]: And my first knee jerk reaction to it was global warming and am I correct? 01:25.673 --> 01:47.647 [SPEAKER_00]: you are correct in that things are getting exacerbated or they're increasing in severity because of global warming and shifting weather patterns places that are normally wetlands where these kinds of fires occur and they've always occurred, right? 01:47.748 --> 01:51.590 [SPEAKER_00]: No, so these fires occur by natural causes 01:55.455 --> 02:03.639 [SPEAKER_00]: Now, because the rains are unpredictable and it's drying out, these fires now are growing in intensity. 02:04.179 --> 02:14.523 [SPEAKER_00]: So they're growing in magnitude, they're growing in intensity, and that's what we experienced last week when everything in Chicago was closed down because the fire smoke blew in from Canada. 02:16.233 --> 02:40.020 [SPEAKER_00]: Right now it and is that the the worst fires that Canada has ever had do you know or it Or it been or is there bad or okay go on I'm just saying there've been bad the last couple of years When I was up there with a course I had a group of students up there We were paddling the boundary waters right there The boundary waters were on fire that year. 02:40.200 --> 02:45.322 [SPEAKER_00]: They weren't as bad, but we had to literally reroute because of the fires we couldn't 02:46.603 --> 03:00.948 [SPEAKER_00]: And it all in and a lot of it is dependent on the wind direction the fires happened and they were pretty severe last year except the wind wasn't strong enough to bring that that caliber of smoke all the way down here. 03:02.109 --> 03:05.350 [SPEAKER_00]: So last year it was detectable. 03:05.865 --> 03:10.106 [SPEAKER_00]: But the conditions, the breathing conditions, air quality were nowhere near. 03:10.407 --> 03:13.247 [SPEAKER_00]: We maxed out around here, maxed out. 03:14.048 --> 03:17.889 [SPEAKER_00]: It looked like there was mist and fog everywhere. 03:18.429 --> 03:24.451 [SPEAKER_01]: Explain to the foods out there that don't understand the maxed out, the air quality. 03:24.471 --> 03:27.712 [SPEAKER_00]: And what the air quality, yeah, yeah. 03:27.772 --> 03:32.074 [SPEAKER_00]: So what we're talking about is particularly parts 03:36.785 --> 03:37.866 [SPEAKER_00]: floating around in the air. 03:38.907 --> 03:44.293 [SPEAKER_00]: And so this ash literally was floating around in the air, like the smoke was filled with this ash. 03:45.134 --> 03:56.086 [SPEAKER_00]: And we still haven't gotten a good rain, but it now it's blown all out, but had it rain there everything would have been coated in ash because it would have washed out with the rain. 03:56.850 --> 04:12.577 [SPEAKER_00]: So it's literally solid particulates floating around in the air that particularly people with respiratory illnesses, diseases, stuff like that are sensitive hence it really affects them. 04:13.358 --> 04:15.779 [SPEAKER_00]: Like just walking around, you experience as well. 04:15.839 --> 04:20.261 [SPEAKER_00]: Just walking around outside, like building a building on campus there, like my throat was, 04:21.063 --> 04:22.424 [SPEAKER_00]: and Fuego was on fire. 04:22.885 --> 04:23.685 [SPEAKER_00]: He was like burning. 04:23.725 --> 04:24.806 [SPEAKER_00]: My nose was running right. 04:24.826 --> 04:25.167 [SPEAKER_00]: Right. 04:25.227 --> 04:26.508 [SPEAKER_00]: Bad Coke Abbott. 04:26.608 --> 04:27.629 [SPEAKER_01]: Yeah. 04:27.749 --> 04:34.695 [SPEAKER_01]: The first night that we were, I think it was the first night, but I woke up in the morning and I'm like, oh no, I'm getting sick. 04:34.996 --> 04:36.117 [SPEAKER_01]: Not realizing. 04:36.597 --> 04:41.341 [SPEAKER_01]: I knew about the fires, but they hadn't really rolled in yet, but it was already in the air. 04:42.697 --> 04:55.475 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, I woke up that morning and looked out and went, this is a real odd time a year to have a missed like this, because we get a lot of misty days, foggy days, and like in Chicago, like on the lake and stuff, I'm like, what the hell is going on? 04:55.535 --> 04:57.437 [SPEAKER_00]: I walked outside and went, holy shit! 04:58.323 --> 05:02.145 [SPEAKER_00]: Somebody's cooking out, someone's fire got out of control here. 05:02.466 --> 05:21.017 [SPEAKER_01]: Oh yeah, that was the other thing too, because with the fires in California, I'll get the ash, I'll definitely go and see that, but rarely do I smell it, the way I was smelling it, like you would walk outside. 05:21.197 --> 05:25.359 [SPEAKER_01]: It was as if somebody had a big campfire there trying to start right next door. 05:27.716 --> 05:42.405 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, and the whole thing is, you know, to speak to climate denialism and what we're doing to the climate, like surely climate has changed throughout the history of the four billion plus years, the Earth has been in existence. 05:42.946 --> 05:54.493 [SPEAKER_00]: Climate has changed, but the cycles occur much much, it's a matter of rate and it occur at much slower rates than what we're currently 05:56.318 --> 06:10.781 [SPEAKER_00]: So there's these, and broad climactic shifts, natural shifts occur mostly due to Earth's position relative to the sun. 06:12.381 --> 06:21.163 [SPEAKER_00]: And the mathematician that figured this out was a serving guy, figured it out, a little over a hundred years ago, 06:22.104 --> 06:27.946 [SPEAKER_00]: Malakovitch was the guy's name, Malakovitch, and I like his movies, John Malakovitch. 06:29.587 --> 06:33.748 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, John Malakovitch, his name was like, I forgot what his first name was. 06:33.868 --> 06:37.829 [SPEAKER_00]: He had Berin or something like that, Malakovitch, yeah. 06:38.089 --> 06:43.571 [SPEAKER_00]: No, no relationship to John Malakovitch, who, by the way, was born in the sticks of Illinois, you know. 06:44.572 --> 06:45.612 [SPEAKER_01]: I wasn't aware of that. 06:46.610 --> 06:49.070 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, he's from like some small little town in Illinois. 06:49.431 --> 06:50.711 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay, a little side note. 06:50.731 --> 06:53.351 [SPEAKER_00]: Otherwise, you know, Illinois is a little crazy looking. 06:53.511 --> 06:55.332 [SPEAKER_00]: No, joke, and that's a joke folks. 06:55.452 --> 06:56.392 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, calm down. 06:56.432 --> 06:58.412 [SPEAKER_00]: So, calm down. 06:58.772 --> 07:09.994 [SPEAKER_00]: So, so, there's really three main cycles that drive these longer term climactic shifts naturally on the planet. 07:10.754 --> 07:12.335 [SPEAKER_00]: All right, and again, it's relative to the sun. 07:15.025 --> 07:19.268 [SPEAKER_00]: One of them is the earth's orbit isn't static. 07:19.288 --> 07:20.869 [SPEAKER_00]: That's what we call eccentricity. 07:21.749 --> 07:25.512 [SPEAKER_00]: So the earth's orbit around the sun. 07:25.832 --> 07:29.074 [SPEAKER_00]: First off, the sun is not right in the middle of the earth's orbit. 07:29.874 --> 07:30.915 [SPEAKER_00]: It's off to the side. 07:31.976 --> 07:33.557 [SPEAKER_00]: So the earth's orbit, 07:34.423 --> 07:43.349 [SPEAKER_00]: is elliptical right now, but it does squash down and get more circular and then it gets wider and more elliptical. 07:43.870 --> 07:47.632 [SPEAKER_00]: And again, the sun is not right in the middle of this orbit. 07:48.173 --> 07:53.076 [SPEAKER_00]: So the earth literally gets on a rotational thing closer to the sun. 07:53.497 --> 07:57.299 [SPEAKER_00]: I mean, closer in its orbit becomes more circular, it's not closer. 07:57.760 --> 08:00.662 [SPEAKER_00]: It becomes closer on one side and then it gets longer. 08:01.558 --> 08:01.978 [SPEAKER_00]: as well. 08:02.538 --> 08:07.440 [SPEAKER_00]: So that's called eccentricity and that's a cycle that takes about 100,000 years or so. 08:09.101 --> 08:11.621 [SPEAKER_00]: And there's a slow cycle that's 400,000 years. 08:12.602 --> 08:26.486 [SPEAKER_00]: So the second, so you understand, so the imaginative Hubahuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuh 08:29.443 --> 08:30.824 [SPEAKER_00]: The second one is Obliquity. 08:31.564 --> 08:37.927 [SPEAKER_00]: And this happens at about a 41,000-year cycle in Obliquity. 08:38.147 --> 08:43.269 [SPEAKER_00]: So right now, we're tilted towards the Sun. 08:44.089 --> 08:45.470 [SPEAKER_00]: We have a tilt towards the Sun. 08:45.790 --> 08:48.571 [SPEAKER_00]: So the Earth is not like perpendicular to the Sun. 08:49.311 --> 08:50.392 [SPEAKER_00]: It has a tilt to it. 08:51.372 --> 08:55.214 [SPEAKER_00]: So how is that my class is like, what's the significance of the tropicalines? 08:58.758 --> 09:00.219 [SPEAKER_00]: Capricorn and cancer. 09:00.640 --> 09:19.756 [SPEAKER_00]: I'm guessing in the middle of everything Well the middle is the equator right the middle wrote right surround yeah, and then and then there's two tropic lines north and south latitude Okay, and what degree latitude are those at 180 360 I didn't know I was getting tested today 09:29.789 --> 09:32.030 [SPEAKER_00]: I feel like you're all the way around. 09:32.050 --> 09:34.370 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, I feel like an idiot right now. 09:34.990 --> 09:36.091 [SPEAKER_00]: No, it's okay. 09:36.131 --> 09:36.751 [SPEAKER_00]: It's okay. 09:36.791 --> 09:40.792 [SPEAKER_00]: Because I'm sure you don't know what you don't think about. 09:40.832 --> 09:42.972 [SPEAKER_00]: And then, you know, you don't know what you don't know. 09:43.012 --> 09:43.673 [SPEAKER_00]: But that's okay. 09:44.053 --> 09:45.413 [SPEAKER_00]: That's why we're explaining this shit. 09:45.693 --> 09:48.294 [SPEAKER_00]: So the Earth is on a tilt on its axis. 09:48.814 --> 09:52.635 [SPEAKER_00]: The tropic lines are at 23.5 degrees north and south latitude. 09:54.195 --> 09:56.736 [SPEAKER_00]: So that's what we consider the tropics. 09:57.513 --> 09:59.995 [SPEAKER_00]: because as the earth revolves around. 10:00.015 --> 10:04.959 [SPEAKER_01]: Wait a minute, wait a minute, wait a minute, hold on, hold on, okay, the traffic lines, what are they? 10:05.279 --> 10:09.342 [SPEAKER_00]: What did you say they're 23 and a half degrees north latitude? 10:09.943 --> 10:15.187 [SPEAKER_00]: Tropica cancer and south latitude, Tropica Capricorn, 23 and a half degrees. 10:17.488 --> 10:20.010 [SPEAKER_01]: Meaning that they're just not at the top and at the bottom. 10:20.531 --> 10:21.511 [SPEAKER_01]: Is that what you're referring to? 10:21.551 --> 10:24.193 [SPEAKER_00]: No, but I'm talking, what do we consider the tropics? 10:26.623 --> 10:29.344 [SPEAKER_00]: yearly of the planet we consider the tropics correct. 10:30.993 --> 10:35.816 [SPEAKER_00]: The polar regions are the polar regions, which are let's hop in the bottom of it. 10:35.836 --> 10:36.617 [SPEAKER_01]: Right, right. 10:37.177 --> 10:45.022 [SPEAKER_01]: That's where I thought you were going at because when you were doing this, you're putting your hands up and so I'm like, this is a phargan trick question, and I know it is. 10:45.382 --> 10:46.803 [SPEAKER_00]: Oh, it's just not a trick question. 10:46.943 --> 10:53.187 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay, so the trap, so they're 23 degrees from the equator. 10:53.407 --> 10:54.608 [SPEAKER_01]: I'm trying to direct. 10:55.008 --> 10:57.510 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay, now I'm, now on age three and a half degrees, 11:00.672 --> 11:01.393 [SPEAKER_00]: Now I'm trash. 11:01.413 --> 11:27.535 [SPEAKER_00]: So normally, and tracking this is you got a visual because normally when I teach about this I bring in a blow up beach ball globe and so it's very easy to visualize with a prop and when I talk about climate and talk about these cycles so we're tilted towards the earth at 23 and a half degrees right now that tilt changes 11:29.120 --> 11:31.141 [SPEAKER_00]: over a 41,000 year period. 11:31.942 --> 11:36.124 [SPEAKER_00]: Sometimes we're tilted a little bit more, and it goes up to 24 and a half degrees. 11:36.444 --> 11:45.369 [SPEAKER_00]: Sometimes we're tilted a little bit less towards the sun to about 22.1 degrees, 22 and a half degrees. 11:46.310 --> 11:55.115 [SPEAKER_00]: So for tilted more like acutely towards the sun, right, let's say 24 and a half degrees, 11:55.912 --> 12:03.658 [SPEAKER_00]: That means the seasons are going to get more severe or more extreme, right? 12:03.678 --> 12:06.981 [SPEAKER_00]: Because of this tilt that we get seasonality, okay. 12:07.161 --> 12:12.705 [SPEAKER_00]: And so if we're not as tilted, then the seasons become less extreme. 12:13.946 --> 12:20.992 [SPEAKER_00]: And so relative to the sun as we rotate around the sun, right? 12:21.743 --> 12:27.687 [SPEAKER_00]: our side of the planet, all of a sudden gets less and less tilted towards the sun. 12:29.248 --> 12:43.218 [SPEAKER_00]: Hence, when we get into fall and into winter, we get more diffuse solar radiation in hands because we're tilted away from the sun and that's why our hemisphere, the northern hemisphere, cools down. 12:45.388 --> 13:00.539 [SPEAKER_00]: Okay, I'm just talking about yearly cycles got and that's why the Southern Hemisphere heats up and then when we get back around like March 21, 22nd now we're talking to Equinox the Sun's direct solar radiation is at the equator. 13:01.420 --> 13:11.125 [SPEAKER_00]: And then we just passed here a month ago, the solstice, the verbal solstice, that's when we have the most direct sun rays in a northern hemisphere. 13:11.685 --> 13:17.047 [SPEAKER_00]: That's how long it's day, right at 23 and a half degrees north of the equator. 13:18.808 --> 13:26.412 [SPEAKER_00]: So from our perspective, the yearly cycle of the earth going around the sun, the sun appears to bounce 13:27.518 --> 13:35.022 [SPEAKER_00]: up to 23 and a half degrees north and then back to 23 and a half degrees south and it bounces up and down between these traffic lines. 13:35.882 --> 13:43.846 [SPEAKER_00]: And since we get all this solar radiation, always concentrate it around the equator, that's why the tropics always stay warm. 13:44.446 --> 13:44.846 [SPEAKER_01]: Got it. 13:44.946 --> 13:51.369 [SPEAKER_00]: And that's why the temperate zone gets cool because we're tilted away and it gets warm because we're tilted towards it. 13:51.729 --> 13:52.010 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay. 13:53.310 --> 13:56.111 [SPEAKER_00]: So here's the importance of that obliquity or that 13:58.695 --> 14:07.861 [SPEAKER_00]: Um, what, during our summer, do you think we're closer to the sun or further away from the sun? 14:08.962 --> 14:17.067 [SPEAKER_01]: I want to say that we're closer to the sun because it's warmer, but I think that we're further away because it's a far-gun trick question. 14:17.528 --> 14:28.754 [SPEAKER_01]: It's a farking trick question you would make it would make sense though because this is my guess is because we're farther away There for more radiation can go and cover more of the planet. 14:28.794 --> 14:37.438 [SPEAKER_01]: Therefore, it things get warmer No, we're actually farther away. 14:37.718 --> 14:40.819 [SPEAKER_00]: However, we're tilted more towards the sun. 14:41.019 --> 14:43.901 [SPEAKER_00]: Hence we're getting more direct solo radiation. 14:44.401 --> 14:46.082 [SPEAKER_00]: Oh, okay Okay 14:47.400 --> 14:58.662 [SPEAKER_00]: So that solar radiation per unit, you know, solar radiation is warming up a smaller area of the planet when we're tilted towards the sun. 14:59.122 --> 15:00.222 [SPEAKER_00]: Hence, we get hot. 15:00.722 --> 15:06.984 [SPEAKER_00]: When we're tilted away from the sun, that same, remember the planet is around, it's a sphere, right? 15:07.144 --> 15:10.624 [SPEAKER_00]: More or less, actually bulges out in the middle when we're going to have to talk about that. 15:11.264 --> 15:12.184 [SPEAKER_00]: That same amount 15:15.741 --> 15:26.653 [SPEAKER_00]: area to cover hence it's more diffuse, hence it gets colder and then we get winter in the northern hemisphere. 15:27.854 --> 15:33.641 [SPEAKER_00]: So we got eccentricity which is the orbit getting longer or more elliptical or more 15:38.065 --> 15:44.447 [SPEAKER_00]: towards the sun, or towards the, basically, are tilt relative to the sun. 15:44.868 --> 15:47.989 [SPEAKER_00]: And right now, it's 23 and a half degrees, right? 15:48.029 --> 15:52.971 [SPEAKER_00]: So, accentricity happens at either 100,000 years or 400,000 years. 15:53.431 --> 15:55.892 [SPEAKER_00]: Oh, look at what happens at 41,000 years. 15:56.492 --> 16:00.553 [SPEAKER_00]: Now, there's one more thing that happens to the planet out in space. 16:02.634 --> 16:04.755 [SPEAKER_00]: The one thing is called procession. 16:06.019 --> 16:10.002 [SPEAKER_00]: So imagine a top, here's how everyone explains this. 16:10.743 --> 16:16.267 [SPEAKER_00]: Like the old world top we have pulled a string and a top is just spinning in place really fast, right? 16:16.287 --> 16:16.928 [SPEAKER_00]: And it's top, right? 16:17.168 --> 16:17.448 [SPEAKER_01]: Right. 16:17.629 --> 16:20.131 [SPEAKER_00]: But it starts to slow down and it starts to wobble. 16:20.331 --> 16:20.591 [SPEAKER_01]: Right. 16:22.032 --> 16:23.874 [SPEAKER_00]: The earth wobbles in space. 16:24.374 --> 16:24.754 [SPEAKER_01]: OK. 16:25.995 --> 16:27.657 [SPEAKER_00]: The earth wobbles in space. 16:28.624 --> 16:31.106 [SPEAKER_00]: And that wobble is called procession. 16:31.146 --> 16:36.429 [SPEAKER_00]: It happens in about 26,000 years, more or less, little less in 26,000 years. 16:36.969 --> 16:41.893 [SPEAKER_00]: So our wobble in space also changes our position relative to the sun. 16:43.594 --> 16:53.480 [SPEAKER_00]: So these three long-term factors, literally can account for the advancing of the glaciers, the retreat of the glaciers, the advance. 16:53.900 --> 16:58.243 [SPEAKER_00]: So you can calculate these things very, very, very precisely. 16:59.171 --> 17:05.636 [SPEAKER_00]: and look at what happened millions of years into the past and what will happen millions of years into the future. 17:07.097 --> 17:10.739 [SPEAKER_00]: So this is what causes long-term climactic shifts on the planet. 17:12.681 --> 17:16.643 [SPEAKER_00]: This, now what did you hear? 17:16.883 --> 17:20.606 [SPEAKER_00]: All of these things are tens of thousands of years cycles. 17:21.927 --> 17:25.730 [SPEAKER_00]: And they, and the glacial advances in retreats, 17:26.375 --> 17:40.305 [SPEAKER_00]: Right, that have been happening over 2 million years or so, have been doing it on these really about every 100,000 years because of these cycles matching up and all these things going on. 17:40.325 --> 17:48.111 [SPEAKER_00]: So climate change is happening now, meaning we have affected the, 17:54.083 --> 18:12.029 [SPEAKER_00]: the heating up of the climate, and the heating up of the planet, now we're dumping over 40 times more greenhouse gases, 40, 50 times more greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere, hence the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect, is increasing exponentially. 18:12.109 --> 18:13.730 [SPEAKER_00]: It's getting much, much worse. 18:14.570 --> 18:20.192 [SPEAKER_00]: So there's other things that go into all these formulas as well. 18:24.445 --> 18:27.346 [SPEAKER_00]: And again, it doesn't happen in a hundred years. 18:27.546 --> 18:29.686 [SPEAKER_00]: So everyone's like, oh, climate change has already happened. 18:29.886 --> 18:31.027 [SPEAKER_00]: You know, it's always happened. 18:31.107 --> 18:33.547 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, it happens on fucking hundred thousand years cycles. 18:34.327 --> 18:36.768 [SPEAKER_00]: Like these huge, huge long-term cycles. 18:36.828 --> 18:42.089 [SPEAKER_00]: It doesn't happen in a 50-year period or 25-year period. 18:42.109 --> 18:46.510 [SPEAKER_00]: We've just experienced the last 25 years has been the 25 hottest years on record. 18:47.311 --> 18:49.011 [SPEAKER_00]: Like it doesn't happen that fast. 18:50.415 --> 18:56.359 [SPEAKER_00]: So people might say, oh, but it's the volcanoes, or maybe it sees wildfires at all as kind of stuff. 18:56.399 --> 19:01.102 [SPEAKER_00]: Humans don't have the ability to produce that much kind of stuff to dump into the atmosphere. 19:02.743 --> 19:11.990 [SPEAKER_00]: Well, when do you think the very first scientific publication predicting climate change was published? 19:13.393 --> 19:14.493 [SPEAKER_00]: take a guess at the year. 19:14.673 --> 19:16.174 [SPEAKER_00]: I think we may have talked about this once. 19:16.194 --> 19:22.035 [SPEAKER_01]: We we might have, but I want to I'm going to say in the early 70s, 50s, the 50s. 19:23.896 --> 19:24.956 [SPEAKER_01]: No, the 20s, 1920s, 1854, 17, 2015. 19:24.996 --> 19:28.137 [SPEAKER_01]: Actually 1854 was a good guess. 19:28.177 --> 19:28.557 [SPEAKER_01]: It was 1895. 19:40.626 --> 19:55.848 [SPEAKER_00]: uh... sweetest scientist aranius savant working on uh... another research and iris researcher john tindall publication on eighteen fifty seven tindall figured out that certain gases in the atmosphere will trap heat savant 19:57.598 --> 20:12.392 [SPEAKER_00]: said, well, if this is going on and he started looking at the industrial revolution and all of these gases being poured out, I, I, e, burning coal and burning oils and dumping extra carbon into the atmosphere. 20:12.972 --> 20:14.834 [SPEAKER_00]: So said, this is certainly. 20:15.154 --> 20:22.439 [SPEAKER_01]: So all of that industrial stuff was happening in all the major cities plus with all the trains and stuff that were running exactly. 20:22.639 --> 20:23.020 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay. 20:23.620 --> 20:23.960 [SPEAKER_00]: Wow. 20:24.100 --> 20:41.513 [SPEAKER_00]: And so Savot said in 1895 he published a paper and said, if we continue to dump all this carbon into the atmosphere, necessarily the atmosphere is going to heat up in 1895. 20:45.455 --> 21:00.440 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay, I mean, that's pretty crazy that there was somewhat, you know, a scientist that was like, well, not really because scientists are scientists are just studies, yeah, they study stuff, so of course, yeah, why aren't they going to go and do that. 21:01.560 --> 21:03.541 [SPEAKER_01]: Um, but how much. 21:06.303 --> 21:08.445 [SPEAKER_01]: I don't even know how to ask this question. 21:08.485 --> 21:14.790 [SPEAKER_01]: It's just in my head about the ozone in the amount that we're putting the gases in there. 21:15.631 --> 21:21.096 [SPEAKER_01]: And because you're putting that, the gas goes into the ozone. 21:21.176 --> 21:23.938 [SPEAKER_01]: So therefore, why is that creating? 21:24.679 --> 21:25.900 [SPEAKER_01]: the global warming. 21:25.920 --> 21:27.822 [SPEAKER_01]: You know, okay, so there's some gas going in there. 21:27.842 --> 21:29.543 [SPEAKER_01]: What's the, what's the, what's the big deal? 21:30.004 --> 21:30.704 [SPEAKER_01]: How is that? 21:31.305 --> 21:34.247 [SPEAKER_01]: What is the gas doing that's causing the global warming? 21:34.387 --> 21:36.089 [SPEAKER_01]: It's, it's destroying something. 21:36.129 --> 21:37.610 [SPEAKER_01]: It's destroying the ocean. 21:37.670 --> 21:39.232 [SPEAKER_00]: It's not, it's, it's not. 21:39.252 --> 21:41.033 [SPEAKER_00]: The ozone actually is a protective layer. 21:41.493 --> 21:43.075 [SPEAKER_00]: That was the CFC thing. 21:43.235 --> 21:46.938 [SPEAKER_00]: So chloroflorocarbons will eat away at ozone. 21:46.958 --> 21:47.899 [SPEAKER_00]: So ozone is actually 21:49.260 --> 22:03.851 [SPEAKER_00]: when it is up into the atmosphere, when it's down low, it could be hazardous, it could be damaging or sensitive people might have hard time breathing when we have high ozone alerts like closer to the ground. 22:05.352 --> 22:11.236 [SPEAKER_00]: Now, so what I just said, we need the greenhouse effect. 22:11.376 --> 22:16.640 [SPEAKER_00]: The greenhouse effect is necessary for us to have a temperate climate and a temperate planet. 22:17.792 --> 22:26.659 [SPEAKER_00]: So the greenhouse gases, mostly, well, basically in the troposphere, right? 22:26.679 --> 22:33.445 [SPEAKER_00]: This is the closest layer of the, all of the layers of the atmosphere, they're heated up. 22:34.246 --> 22:42.873 [SPEAKER_00]: And that's necessary, otherwise we'd be living on an ice ball, which the planet was in the past a couple different times. 22:43.740 --> 23:00.273 [SPEAKER_00]: Like the planet was almost completely frozen about 600 million years ago, and I think they said about 200, like Bob, they said, whatever research says that about 200, I'm sorry, about 2.5 billion years ago that the planet was a big old ice ball as well. 23:01.334 --> 23:09.040 [SPEAKER_00]: So how the planet warms up and stays warm, like we have right now is dream house gases. 23:09.859 --> 23:18.043 [SPEAKER_00]: But when we dump more of these greenhouse gases into the troposphere, we trap more heat. 23:19.063 --> 23:34.550 [SPEAKER_00]: So all this heat bounces off of the planet and it gets deflected and it rises up as infrared a lot of low quality energy and gets trapped in the atmosphere and has the atmosphere heats up. 23:35.907 --> 23:37.487 [SPEAKER_00]: And that's what we're experiencing right now. 23:38.247 --> 23:49.870 [SPEAKER_00]: And what people don't understand and what a lot of people don't understand is that there's various five different aspects of climate. 23:49.930 --> 23:52.270 [SPEAKER_00]: And I think we did talk about this just to review. 23:52.310 --> 24:05.073 [SPEAKER_00]: There's like the atmosphere which the air part, there's the hydrosphere which is the water part, there's the lithosphere which is the earth part, there's the cryosphere which is the frozen part of water, 24:06.228 --> 24:08.669 [SPEAKER_00]: And then there's the biosphere, which is the living part. 24:09.550 --> 24:12.192 [SPEAKER_00]: And all of these things independently. 24:12.252 --> 24:13.832 [SPEAKER_00]: So we should have some predictions here. 24:13.872 --> 24:27.540 [SPEAKER_00]: If the climate is changing, we should see, for example, rain patterns changing the atmosphere heating up if it's indeed heating up. 24:27.620 --> 24:31.943 [SPEAKER_00]: Less ice on the planet, things going on with the biosphere 24:35.830 --> 24:40.191 [SPEAKER_00]: and all of these independent lines of evidence corroborate that the climate is changing. 24:41.011 --> 24:46.093 [SPEAKER_00]: Like, I'm talking thousands and thousands and thousands of published papers all corroborate the same. 24:47.173 --> 24:50.134 [SPEAKER_00]: The same result, climate is changing. 24:50.834 --> 24:54.335 [SPEAKER_00]: Now, the other question is, oh, well, it's always happened. 24:54.575 --> 24:55.415 [SPEAKER_00]: Are we the cause? 24:56.675 --> 24:59.316 [SPEAKER_00]: Well, this is just simple bookkeeping. 25:04.109 --> 25:20.723 [SPEAKER_00]: Calculate, how much greenhouse gas is being spewed out from decomposition of like living systems of natural like forest fires that occur on the planet and how much greenhouse gases are spewed out of volcanoes. 25:22.545 --> 25:23.806 [SPEAKER_00]: So this is just bookkeeping. 25:24.586 --> 25:32.033 [SPEAKER_00]: And when we do that, there's a whole tons and tons, a lot more greenhouse gas. 25:32.870 --> 25:54.741 [SPEAKER_00]: In the atmosphere, so then when we calculate the human burning of fossil fuels, methane production because of livestock farming and nitrous oxides and all these kind of stuff we use for fertilizer for farming and stuff like that, it makes up exactly the difference between the natural 26:02.202 --> 26:10.047 [SPEAKER_00]: and human greenhouse gas emissions equals the total emissions we measure in the atmosphere. 26:11.408 --> 26:15.770 [SPEAKER_00]: It's pretty straightforward, but there's another piece of corroborating evidence. 26:16.571 --> 26:20.733 [SPEAKER_00]: We could actually measure the kinds of carbon that goes into the atmosphere. 26:21.494 --> 26:26.277 [SPEAKER_00]: So carbon comes in basically three flavors, carbon 12, 13 and 14. 26:27.037 --> 26:28.038 [SPEAKER_00]: It's just a bit of space. 26:28.078 --> 26:31.320 [SPEAKER_00]: It's a chemistry shit like that number of neutrons in the freaking nucleus. 26:32.539 --> 26:43.027 [SPEAKER_00]: And these things spew out different compositions of these forms of carbon, meaning like volcanoes, spew out certain ratios. 26:43.928 --> 27:01.422 [SPEAKER_00]: And guess where the biggest ratios are coming out of, it's burning fossil fuels like the, so we can literally measure the kinds of carbon, and the kinds of carbon that are coming out of burning fossil fuels is what we're measuring 27:02.535 --> 27:04.659 [SPEAKER_00]: being contributed to the atmosphere. 27:04.840 --> 27:05.421 [SPEAKER_00]: So it's us. 27:06.413 --> 27:31.507 [SPEAKER_01]: there's like no way around it yeah like that's the smoking gun but you can't deny this I mean you can't deny it yeah do deny it right but you're saying that the the fossil feels is the biggest one because I thought you had said or not necessarily you but in the documentary that I watched and I can't remember the name of it the one that you always shared 27:33.628 --> 27:57.212 [SPEAKER_00]: Um, that it was from the livestock that if we got rid of the livestock then that would take care of it that they're the biggest I thought they were the big so livestock production Um, outweighs fossil fuel burning of cars airplanes of all transportation combined fossil fuel outweighs all of that 27:57.952 --> 28:20.832 [SPEAKER_00]: And there's a couple of reasons for that because of hold on a seat, hold on, wait, wait, wait, wait, but I thought you just got through saying, maybe I misunderstood that you said the biggest contributor was the fossil fuels of the car, no, no, no, I'm saying we could measure where the car is coming from and we know that I didn't say it was the biggest contributor, I say, no, that's. 28:21.918 --> 28:27.740 [SPEAKER_00]: the kinds of some of the carbon we find in the atmosphere is because of us burning fossil fuels got it. 28:28.100 --> 28:28.600 [SPEAKER_01]: Thank you. 28:28.640 --> 28:48.127 [SPEAKER_00]: So yeah, I bet I be so like I said where the carbon comes from it comes in different flavors and we can figure out where that carbon originated from, whether it was burning fossil fuels when it came or methane in the livestock industry or natural four things out of all canos or forest fires or natural decomposition of things. 28:52.160 --> 28:53.721 [SPEAKER_00]: Alright, cool. 28:54.702 --> 29:05.871 [SPEAKER_00]: So, and if you look at, and so you might go like, oh, and some people are, oh, the sun is like solar flares and all of this kind of stuff is going on as well. 29:06.912 --> 29:15.799 [SPEAKER_00]: And according to NASA and space agency, all this kind of stuff, the sun surface temperature, 29:16.266 --> 29:19.947 [SPEAKER_00]: hasn't increased or really changed since 1975. 29:20.007 --> 29:24.968 [SPEAKER_00]: Like we can measure this stuff, the corona of the sun and all this, all this fun kind of stuff. 29:26.268 --> 29:31.650 [SPEAKER_00]: So if it was the sun, let's just pretend it was the sun for some reason. 29:32.230 --> 29:37.611 [SPEAKER_00]: We would expect, because the sun, there's four layers to the atmosphere. 29:38.311 --> 29:43.052 [SPEAKER_00]: There's the thermosphere, which is the highest layer, the mesosphere, then there's the stratosphere, 29:46.563 --> 29:47.284 [SPEAKER_00]: is the troposphere. 29:47.304 --> 29:49.125 [SPEAKER_00]: The one closest to earth. 29:49.806 --> 29:51.287 [SPEAKER_00]: So there's these four layers. 29:52.368 --> 30:03.696 [SPEAKER_00]: And if the sun's radiation is coming through all of these layers, we should expect at least a little bit of heating up and warming in all of these layers. 30:04.937 --> 30:07.659 [SPEAKER_00]: And there's only one layer. 30:07.679 --> 30:09.481 [SPEAKER_00]: That's one layer 30:15.264 --> 30:15.484 [SPEAKER_00]: Right? 30:15.984 --> 30:26.067 [SPEAKER_00]: So only one later, the troposphere, the layer that we live in and are dumping all of our greenhouse gases into, that's the only layer that's warming up. 30:26.447 --> 30:34.029 [SPEAKER_00]: The stratosphere actually, the layer above us, where a lot of the clouds sit, is actually cooling down. 30:34.930 --> 30:37.390 [SPEAKER_00]: So it could not possibly be the sun. 30:44.585 --> 31:11.987 [SPEAKER_00]: Okay, so what we're saying here is it's like I said we're we're dumping this stuff in at an extraordinary rate and and we're headed to a point of of almost no return and here's why so there's there's also there's this concept not a concept, but it's a it's a thing we call El Bito and El Bito is 31:14.701 --> 31:18.702 [SPEAKER_00]: It's the reflectivity of a surface, basically. 31:19.282 --> 31:28.484 [SPEAKER_00]: So we have bigger ice caps and more glaciers on the planet like we historically have had up until recently and the melting of all these things. 31:29.545 --> 31:30.805 [SPEAKER_00]: It's more reflectivity. 31:31.125 --> 31:34.306 [SPEAKER_00]: So the Earth doesn't have a chance to heat up. 31:34.426 --> 31:36.406 [SPEAKER_00]: It's white and reflecting. 31:37.266 --> 31:43.388 [SPEAKER_00]: As more Earth gets exposed, more solar radiation gets absorbed by the Earth. 31:45.295 --> 31:52.419 [SPEAKER_00]: which then heats up the earth more, which then contributes to global warming more. 31:53.040 --> 32:09.750 [SPEAKER_00]: So as a polar icecaps melt and we know they are melting, that means more exposure land or more exposure of the ocean, which are darker colors, which is gonna absorb more solar radiation and then radiate that back into the atmosphere and heat it up even faster. 32:10.270 --> 32:12.291 [SPEAKER_00]: So we're going through a positive feedback loop. 32:15.963 --> 32:35.099 [SPEAKER_00]: So this is why we should act like we give a fuck and start doing something very rapidly to curtail this because the calculation is just so we understand some numbers here and this 32:43.342 --> 32:51.830 [SPEAKER_00]: the water level of everything rises up about 130 meters, halfway up 400, about over 400 feet. 32:52.691 --> 32:55.613 [SPEAKER_00]: So we're talking about what was that Kevin Costner movie. 33:17.579 --> 33:35.191 [SPEAKER_00]: We're talking about, and you, and I just heard an MPR report today about the inability to ensure properties, nobody's buying the properties, and everyone's got to move like out of the coast and the low-lying areas in Florida, it's happening all around the world. 33:35.211 --> 33:39.974 [SPEAKER_00]: There's been whole island nations that have basically been inundated and had to move to another 33:47.963 --> 33:49.905 [SPEAKER_00]: And this just doesn't happen like in the oceans. 33:49.945 --> 33:51.326 [SPEAKER_00]: It's also happening in the Great Lakes. 33:51.787 --> 33:55.550 [SPEAKER_00]: And also it just doesn't rise because of more volume of water. 33:56.031 --> 33:59.514 [SPEAKER_00]: It also rises because water expands when it gets warmer. 34:02.319 --> 34:25.095 [SPEAKER_01]: in the the people who are in charge of politicians are just ignoring the science is it the messaging that do you think in your opinion I mean because you just explained this stuff to me and uh you know I mean I've always heard about it by you doing what you just did it I mean it just opened up my eyes even more 34:26.083 --> 34:32.384 [SPEAKER_01]: to or educated me, really, as far as the different layers and all of that, and measuring. 34:33.005 --> 34:39.326 [SPEAKER_01]: So those who are in charge are they just, they, oh, yeah, well, whatever. 34:39.346 --> 34:49.629 [SPEAKER_00]: It's on, I've said this before and I said this, I think the last time we talked is like, this is like, healthy environment is not a political issue. 34:50.109 --> 34:52.689 [SPEAKER_00]: A healthy environment helps everybody 34:56.587 --> 35:10.497 [SPEAKER_00]: and this issue, and changing people's behaviors, and trying to make scientists like their budget wing bat crazy conspiracy theorists, is a disservice to humanity. 35:11.718 --> 35:16.401 [SPEAKER_00]: And there's a lot of, I think maybe I haven't. 35:16.441 --> 35:16.781 [SPEAKER_00]: I don't know. 35:16.801 --> 35:22.105 [SPEAKER_00]: I'll tell you a story I was down in Florida a few years back and talking to this couple from the Netherlands, 35:22.820 --> 35:35.666 [SPEAKER_00]: And a lot of Scandinavian countries are very close to their like climate, you know, their carbon neutral targets already and they then we're having this conversation and they said, but if the United States doesn't do anything. 35:37.027 --> 35:37.707 [SPEAKER_00]: It doesn't matter. 35:39.682 --> 35:39.822 [SPEAKER_01]: Right. 35:39.842 --> 35:42.004 [SPEAKER_00]: And that's simply put. 35:42.044 --> 35:46.527 [SPEAKER_00]: If the United States doesn't do anything, it's not going to matter what any other country really does. 35:47.208 --> 35:54.774 [SPEAKER_00]: And so we need leadership that follows science, which we don't even have scientists in Congress. 35:55.754 --> 36:06.423 [SPEAKER_00]: Do you know, like, you know, Mexico, Canada, almost every single country on this planet has scientists not only in Congress, but as advisors, 36:09.469 --> 36:21.653 [SPEAKER_00]: Anybody in the cabinet that's a scientist, we don't have anybody that's in, I think there might be one actual trained scientist in Congress, I think, just one in the house and I forget that the name of the person. 36:22.794 --> 36:31.057 [SPEAKER_00]: All these other nations follow science and try to do the right thing based on data and science driven, you know, recommendations. 36:31.880 --> 36:49.736 [SPEAKER_00]: You know, and that's one of the reasons we got this shit show going on with diet right now as well, but that's another story, but right here's the here's the thing look a couple of things at the end of the 50s the petroleum industry stood in front of Congress and themselves said, if we don't get off a fossil fuels, 36:58.035 --> 37:05.697 [SPEAKER_00]: And Congress said, we don't care, in 1988, James Hanson, very famously stood in front of Congress. 37:05.737 --> 37:15.980 [SPEAKER_00]: So James Hanson, very famous climatologist, modeler of climate change in 1988, he worked for a department of NASA. 37:17.388 --> 37:28.977 [SPEAKER_00]: and said, with 99% confidence, climate change was already happening and we were on track to experience the hottest years ever on planet Earth. 37:29.785 --> 37:30.746 [SPEAKER_00]: and he nailed it. 37:31.246 --> 37:36.410 [SPEAKER_00]: That was a 1988, and Congress did absolutely fucking nothing. 37:37.010 --> 37:37.671 [SPEAKER_00]: Nothing. 37:38.851 --> 37:42.394 [SPEAKER_00]: So exactly where is our leadership? 37:43.194 --> 37:51.320 [SPEAKER_00]: Why do we have all these people like bite now to conspiracy theory and bite on to the three percent of the outliers? 37:51.340 --> 37:53.882 [SPEAKER_00]: What I actually understanding, why they're outliers at all? 37:54.956 --> 38:04.473 [SPEAKER_00]: understanding the science or the data and or the statistical, you know, analyses, you know, instead of like, you know, constantly throwing scientists under the bus. 38:05.408 --> 38:05.708 [SPEAKER_01]: Right. 38:05.928 --> 38:07.829 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, getting a little passionate about. 38:07.889 --> 38:17.794 [SPEAKER_01]: No, it's understandable because you know, we don't like to, you know, I always say, you know, anybody can point at the hole in the boat, but, you know, how do we go and fix this? 38:19.034 --> 38:22.396 [SPEAKER_00]: And I want some people might say, I'm so glad. 38:22.516 --> 38:33.401 [SPEAKER_01]: I was just going to say, but there's there's a solution to go and do it, but I think that the thing that's getting in the way is those who are denying the science and those who are just being completely greedy. 38:34.589 --> 38:35.870 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah, and political about it. 38:35.950 --> 38:36.231 [SPEAKER_01]: Yeah. 38:36.411 --> 38:40.555 [SPEAKER_00]: As if there's again, science serves all of society. 38:40.615 --> 38:41.976 [SPEAKER_00]: So let's stop this. 38:42.577 --> 38:47.942 [SPEAKER_00]: Let's stop the fucking rhetoric that somehow is are there 38:49.370 --> 39:12.704 [SPEAKER_00]: unscrupulous scientists that were bought out to serve tobacco industry or the livestock industry or the petroleum industry and the answer is yes, but the federally so the independently funded like via like National Science Foundation or National Institute of Health or other like independent funding agencies 39:13.978 --> 39:16.939 [SPEAKER_00]: give us what we need to know, right? 39:16.999 --> 39:28.822 [SPEAKER_00]: So, so purposefully, industry plants a seed of doubt to make it look like there's an actual controversy or the science is unsettled on a lot of topics. 39:29.362 --> 39:33.543 [SPEAKER_00]: That is purposeful and that is solely to sell more shit. 39:33.943 --> 39:35.364 [SPEAKER_00]: That's solely to make more money. 39:35.744 --> 39:36.424 [SPEAKER_00]: That is it. 39:39.545 --> 39:40.445 [SPEAKER_01]: It's exhausting. 39:42.266 --> 40:05.645 [SPEAKER_01]: it is it is exhausting that because it seems it to me it's like it's a no-brainer because I I will still have people that will say something to the effect of You know global warming well, you know if you believe in that stuff How do you not are you not experiencing the same heat that you know that you keep seeing on the news hottest hottest days ever in history 40:06.624 --> 40:13.166 [SPEAKER_00]: And I always respond, science is not a belief system. 40:13.666 --> 40:14.686 [SPEAKER_00]: It's a way of knowing. 40:15.926 --> 40:20.187 [SPEAKER_00]: It's a way of knowing the materialistic world, or universe, or multiverse, however, one, you know. 40:20.748 --> 40:30.410 [SPEAKER_00]: And so you can believe whatever you want, but all of the data corroborates that the climate is changing in the world is getting hotter. 40:31.332 --> 40:45.363 [SPEAKER_00]: And again, so to bring it back to the wildfires, we're seeing these fires grow in magnitude because these places like the boundary waters and that quite a co-national park in Canada. 40:45.443 --> 40:52.788 [SPEAKER_00]: It's one continuous ecosystem and voyagers National Park in the States is one of the huge wetlands on the planet. 40:53.028 --> 40:54.209 [SPEAKER_00]: It's fucking on fire. 40:54.970 --> 40:55.150 [SPEAKER_00]: Like, 40:55.916 --> 41:03.058 [SPEAKER_00]: It always has burned, but because it's now drying out, the burns again are increasing in magnitude. 41:03.659 --> 41:06.660 [SPEAKER_00]: And they're naturally caused fires, lightning strikes, and so on. 41:07.500 --> 41:09.741 [SPEAKER_00]: But now they're getting more and more out of control. 41:10.681 --> 41:13.302 [SPEAKER_00]: So that's one part of it. 41:13.422 --> 41:21.105 [SPEAKER_00]: And you might also say like, oh, well, then we, you know, oh, it's going to be great because it's going to get warmer. 41:21.145 --> 41:22.385 [SPEAKER_00]: It's going to warm up, warm up. 41:22.960 --> 41:33.627 [SPEAKER_00]: Well, already in Chicago, relative to the 80s, we have around 30 more mosquito days in the Chicago area. 41:34.988 --> 41:40.792 [SPEAKER_00]: So mosquitoes were knocked back because of the cold winters and the cooler temperatures in the springtime and in the falltime. 41:41.253 --> 41:45.095 [SPEAKER_00]: Now, they can survive a lot longer or a hatch, a lot sooner. 41:45.796 --> 41:48.878 [SPEAKER_00]: And we might say, oh, but what about, you know, plants are going to love this. 41:49.505 --> 41:58.568 [SPEAKER_00]: Well, you have to remember that most plants are pollinated by animals, either in mostly insects, but other things as well. 41:58.928 --> 42:02.269 [SPEAKER_00]: And if those things don't match up, then those plants are going to not reproduce. 42:04.229 --> 42:07.590 [SPEAKER_00]: And that shit's going to happen with our crops as well. 42:07.851 --> 42:15.833 [SPEAKER_00]: Like, you know, tomatoes are all our animal pollinated beans are like all these different things we eat, zucchinis, all of these things are 42:16.832 --> 42:23.314 [SPEAKER_00]: in peril because of now the mismatch with when pollinators come out and when these things are flowering. 42:24.114 --> 42:26.255 [SPEAKER_00]: So it's all sorts of biological relevance. 42:26.335 --> 42:31.136 [SPEAKER_00]: I actually I'll give you another example of the biology shifting around that I use in class. 42:31.657 --> 42:41.280 [SPEAKER_00]: And I always ask the question like there's this tiny little beetle that invades white bark pines like throughout Yellowstone National Park and the surrounding area. 42:42.160 --> 42:43.680 [SPEAKER_00]: What does that beetle have anything 42:47.458 --> 42:48.719 [SPEAKER_01]: I am a new idea. 42:50.620 --> 43:14.274 [SPEAKER_00]: Well, now I'm going to tell you, okay, I'm waiting, because so what grizzly bears do before they start hibernating, they will start shoving pine cones in their mouths in the start eating of the eat all these pine cones, eat them, eat them, eat them, eat them, eat them, the white bark pine beetle has expanded its range and elevation, it's gone up these 43:15.967 --> 43:22.630 [SPEAKER_00]: And they also spread a pathogen that decimates and basically kills the white bark pine tree. 43:23.890 --> 43:26.531 [SPEAKER_00]: So 88% of these pine trees have died. 43:27.071 --> 43:33.854 [SPEAKER_00]: That is the food source to make sure grizzly bears have enough of wait to make it through their hibernation period. 43:34.314 --> 43:35.895 [SPEAKER_00]: Their populations have plummeted, 43:37.336 --> 43:45.682 [SPEAKER_00]: because the trees have clotted because the range of this beetle that spreads this pathogen right as expanded. 43:47.504 --> 43:50.986 [SPEAKER_00]: And because of warming, it's been able to expand its range. 43:51.387 --> 43:53.568 [SPEAKER_00]: The trees die, the grizzly bears die. 43:53.588 --> 44:02.915 [SPEAKER_00]: All right, so he's connections that people don't know or don't think about biology is affected and it's measurable as well. 44:04.136 --> 44:06.118 [SPEAKER_00]: And I could go on and on about examples 44:06.999 --> 44:29.705 [SPEAKER_01]: coral bleaching and, you know, acidification of the oceans, but, you know, what is, and you can't sum it all up, but what could be, I don't know, I'll just say three things, and maybe it'll just come up with one, but for somebody that is having a conversation with somebody that when they go and say that thing about, 44:30.025 --> 44:32.829 [SPEAKER_01]: Oh, well, global warming, you know, it's always been here. 44:32.929 --> 44:45.406 [SPEAKER_01]: It's not a real thing that your comeback is to people in layman's terms to just go and say, well, you know, for me, I can say, well, if you look at the science and the data of it. 44:45.746 --> 44:52.231 [SPEAKER_01]: I think the best thing that you said is, just go look at the bookkeeping and see how much these measurable. 44:52.511 --> 44:53.232 [SPEAKER_01]: It's measurable. 44:53.812 --> 44:56.054 [SPEAKER_01]: And you can't deny that information. 44:56.474 --> 44:59.817 [SPEAKER_01]: You can, you know, say your feeling is I don't believe it. 45:00.017 --> 45:00.698 [SPEAKER_01]: That's fine. 45:00.998 --> 45:03.100 [SPEAKER_01]: But the data says differently. 45:04.321 --> 45:04.541 [SPEAKER_01]: All right. 45:04.561 --> 45:04.901 [SPEAKER_01]: Correct. 45:05.321 --> 45:05.662 [SPEAKER_01]: Okay. 45:05.722 --> 45:05.942 [SPEAKER_00]: Yeah. 45:06.102 --> 45:07.423 [SPEAKER_00]: And that's just bookkeeping. 45:08.559 --> 45:11.883 [SPEAKER_00]: Right, there's natural production of greenhouse gases. 45:12.484 --> 45:21.835 [SPEAKER_00]: There is human induced production of greenhouse gases, and you add those to up and it equates exactly to what we experience in the atmosphere. 45:23.642 --> 45:43.510 [SPEAKER_00]: And then you can source it to like I said before by measuring carbon 12 and my mainly carbon 12 and carbon 13 and you can see where those things are coming from and you go well all of these new greenhouse gases are actually coming from. 45:44.604 --> 45:57.186 [SPEAKER_00]: you know burning fossil fuels and you know livestock and all these other kinds of things and there's all the greenhouse gases out there like you know nitrous oxides and so on right the key takeaway word today for me is bookkeeping 45:57.787 --> 46:03.933 [SPEAKER_01]: that makes it makes it really easy to go and remember and to be able to go and share. 46:04.153 --> 46:05.615 [SPEAKER_01]: It's just all bookkeeping. 46:05.915 --> 46:16.405 [SPEAKER_00]: It's bookkeeping and also what I kind of started with like these natural cycles occur on the order of tens of thousands of years and hundreds of thousands of years. 46:17.557 --> 46:19.658 [SPEAKER_00]: of the advancing and retreating of the glaciers. 46:19.698 --> 46:39.805 [SPEAKER_00]: And we actually, and why I know so much about this is because one of the hypotheses of the why the tropics are so diverse is because during these interregulatials and glacial periods, the tropics have experienced what we call species pumps, potentially, like generation and species in these drier years and all this kind of stuff. 46:39.825 --> 46:40.986 [SPEAKER_00]: I won't get into that science. 46:41.446 --> 46:45.267 [SPEAKER_00]: But it all has to do with these melanchovich cycles. 46:47.925 --> 46:53.843 [SPEAKER_00]: I teach about this if we're going to understand biodiversity, you have to understand how that planet works and what can drive these. 46:54.800 --> 47:01.006 [SPEAKER_00]: speciation pumps through geological and biological evolution and geological history. 47:01.286 --> 47:01.827 [SPEAKER_01]: All right. 47:02.227 --> 47:02.648 [SPEAKER_01]: All right. 47:02.788 --> 47:09.194 [SPEAKER_01]: Well, thank you so much for explaining all of that in layman's terms. 47:09.254 --> 47:14.960 [SPEAKER_01]: If you will, while being completely scientific about it, because I really was able to go and follow along. 47:15.480 --> 47:19.364 [SPEAKER_01]: And, you know, after I asked my questions and had a better idea and hopefully all the 47:19.864 --> 47:29.213 [SPEAKER_01]: Foods out there have a better idea as well, and they wound up getting a bit agimicated about global warming. 47:29.834 --> 47:31.135 [SPEAKER_00]: I like a good agimication.