NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 6: Work, Life and Leisure YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace

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There was a time without print and print itself has a history. Technology began ncert class 10th history youtube East Asia and spread in Europe and India. Major producer of printed material � huge bureaucratic system which recruited personnel by civil service exams � textbooks for same were printed under sponsorship of imperial state. Rich women also began to read.

Oldest Japanese book, printed in ADis Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. Late 18 th century � urban circle at Edo Tokyo � collection of paintings of urban culture, artists.

Books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places. Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists who drew the theme in outline. In the process, the original drawing would be destroyed and only prints would survive. Luxury editions were handwritten on velum parchment made from animal skin for aristocratic and rich monastic libraries.

Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. Need for quicker and cheaper text reproduction � new print technology � At Strasbourg, Germany, Johann Gutenberg developed first-known printing press in s. Gutenberg ncert class 10th history youtube son of merchant who grew on agricultural estate seeing olive and wine presses.

Olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.

Byhe perfected the system and 1 st book to be printed was Bible � copies were printed in 3 years considered fast production at that time - No two copies were the. Every page of each copy was different. Elites preferred it due to differences colored regions were left blank while text in black � color was used to emphasis. Printed books resembled handwritten manuscripts as metal letters intimated handwritten designs � borders were illuminated with foliage and illustrations were painted.

New reading public emerged � cost of books became less and people were able to afford it � earlier ncert class 10th history youtube was meant only for elite group. Earlier common people only had oral culture � hear sacred texts, recite ballads and folk tales or see a performance � books were expensive and could not be produce in large numbers. Again rate of literacy was very low till Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Youtube 20 th century � those who could not read would enjoy listening to it so folk tales were published with pictures and sung in village gatherings and taverns in towns.

Circulation of ideas emerged � those who disagreed with authorities could now print ideas. Inreligious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church � posted on church door in Wittenberg � it was immediately reproduced and led to division within Church and beginning of Protestant Reformation. His translation of New Testament sold copies within few weeks and 2 nd edition came in 3 months.

Now Roman Church established several controls over publishers and booksellers to maintain Index of Prohibited Books from Almanacs, calendars, folktales; chapbooks pocket sized books sold for penny in England. Early 18 th century � periodical press developed � combine current affairs with entertainment; newspapers and journals. Scientists and philosophers ncert class 10th history youtube more accessible to common people � included scientific texts and diagrams.

Thinkers like Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau started to print and read � idea about science, reason and rationality found way in literature � world could be seen with new eyes of critical understanding and reasoning. Books meant for spreading progress and enlightenment � change and liberate society from despotism and intellect could rule and bring in public opinion. Popularized ideas of enlightenment thinkers � argued for rule of reason and judgment to be done on rationality; authority of Church was attacked.

Ncert class 10th history youtube culture of dialogue and debate � reevaluation of norms, values and institutions � new ideas of social revolution. By s literature mocked royal culture and criticized morality � cartoons suggested that monarchy was absorbed in sensual pleasures and common man suffered hardships.

Spread of ideas � reinterpretation of things in their own way � it did not shape the mind but opened possibility to think differently. Late 19 th century � primary education became compulsory � children became ncert class 10th history youtube readers. Penny magazines were popular in women � as manuals teaching proper behavior and housekeeping. Women novelists - Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Elio � defined new type of women as person with will, strength, determination and power to think.

Since 17 th century � lending libraries were seen. In 19 th century � it became instrument to educate workers, artisans and middle class. After working hours shortened from mid th century � workers found time for self-improvement and self-expression and started to write political tracts and autobiographies.

By the mid th century - Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. This was capable of printing 8, sheets per hour for printing newspapers.

Late 19 th century � offset print was developed � could print 6 colors at a time. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the color register were introduced.

Nineteenth-century periodicals serialized important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 4 Math writing novels. In the s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series. During Great depression decline in book purchases � and people bought cheap paperback editions. India had rich handwritten manuscripts I Sanskrit, Arabian and Persian � copied on palm leaves or handmade papers with beautiful illustrations and wooden covers.

Highly expensive and fragile manuscripts were made � handled carefully and could not be read as the scripts were written in different styles.

In Schools mainly Ncert class 10th history youtube � extensive primary schools but children did not read texts, they only could write. Jesuit preists learnt Konkani and printed tracts. By50 books were printed in Konkani and Kanara languages.

Indians began to publish Indian newspapers - first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought ncert class 10th history youtube by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohan Roy. Time of controversy between religious reformers ncert class 10th history youtube orthodoxy like widow immolation, monotheism and idolatry.

In north India � Ulama legal scholars of Islam were worried about collapse of Muslim dynasty � believed colonial rule could encourage conversion � used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts. By s - caricatures and cartoons were published in journals and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues � ridiculed educated Indians fascination for Western tastes.

Mentality was not liberal - Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances. Ncert class 10th history youtube, she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in It was the first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali language.

Ram Chaddha published fast-selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives. Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message. Central Calcutta area Battala � devoted to printing of popular books � cheap editions of religious and literature texts � many were illustrated with woodcuts and colored lithographs. Pedlars took Battala publications to homes, enabling women to read. Early 20 th century � public libraries were set up expanding access to books for rich, setting up library was way to acquire prestige.

In 20 th century, B. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E. Ramaswamy Naicker Periyar in Madras wrote powerfully ncert class 10th history youtube caste and their writings were read by people all over India. Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in to show the links between caste and class exploitation. The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of Sudarshan Chakr between andwere brought together and published in a ncert class 10th history youtube called Sacchi Kavitayan.

By s, Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves, following the example of Bombay workers. Beforecolonial state under East India Company ncert class 10th history youtube not too concerned with censorship. Early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule and hated the actions of particular Company officers.

Company was worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England to attack its trade monopoly in India. Infaced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws.

Thomas Macaulay liberal colonial official formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms. Nationalist newspapers reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities � it led to renewed cycle of persecution and protests.

When Punjab revolutionaries were deported inBalgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. This led to his imprisonment inprovoking in turn widespread protests all over India. Study Material English. History Study Material.


Demand for emerging middle class increased. Cleaning London � decongest localities, green open spaces, reduce pollution, build apartment blocks, and introduce rent control in Britain during WW-I to ease impact of severe housing shortage. Its founder was Huynh Phu So who performed miracles and helped the poor. Sisters were idealized and glorified. But, at the same time, he kept a long tuft of hair, according to the Nayar custom. The hero is an adventurer and slave trader.


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