Unlike some of the numeric methods of class StrictMathall implementations of the equivalent functions of class Math are not defined to return the bit-for-bit same results. This relaxation permits better-performing implementations where strict reproducibility is not required. By default many of the Math methods simply call the equivalent method in StrictMath byjus class 6 maths integers java their implementation.
Code marhs are encouraged to use platform-specific native libraries or microprocessor instructions, jjava available, to provide higher-performance implementations of Math methods. Such higher-performance implementations still must conform to the specification for Math. The quality of implementation specifications concern two properties, accuracy of the returned result and monotonicity of the method.
Accuracy of the floating-point Math methods is measured in terms of ulpsbyjus class 6 maths integers java in the last place. For a given floating-point format, an ulp of a specific real number value is the distance between the two floating-point values bracketing that numerical value. When discussing the accuracy of a method as a whole rather than at a specific argument, the number of ulps cited is for the worst-case error at any argument.
If a method always has an error less than 0. A correctly rounded method is generally the best a floating-point approximation can be; however, it is impractical for many floating-point methods to be correctly rounded. Instead, for the Math class, a larger error bound of 1 or 2 ulps is allowed for certain methods. Informally, with a 1 ulp error bound, when the exact result byjus class 6 maths integers java a representable number, the exact result should be bjus as the computed result; otherwise, either of the two floating-point values which bracket the exact result may be returned.
For exact results large in magnitude, one of the endpoints of the bracket may be infinite. Besides accuracy at individual arguments, maintaining proper relations between the method at different arguments is also important.
Therefore, most methods with more than 0. Not all approximations that have 1 ulp accuracy will automatically meet the monotonicity requirements. The platform uses signed two's complement integer arithmetic with int and long primitive types. The jaba should choose the primitive type to ensure that arithmetic operations consistently produce correct results, which in some cases means the operations will not overflow the range of values of the computation.
The best practice is to choose the primitive type and algorithm to avoid overflow. In cases where the size is int or long and overflow errors need to be detected, the methods addExactsubtractExactmultiplyExactand toIntExact throw an ArithmeticException when the results overflow.
For other arithmetic operations such as divide, absolute value, increment, decrement, and negation overflow occurs only with a specific minimum or maximum value and should be checked against the minimum or maximum as appropriate. Since: JDK1. Methods inherited mathz class java. Object cloneequalsfinalizegetClasshashCodenotifynotifyAlltoStringwaitwaitwait Field Detail E public static final double E The double value that is closer than any other to ethe base of the natural logarithms.
See Also: Constant Field Values PI public static final double PI The double value that is closer than any other to pithe ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument. The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic. Parameters: a - an angle, in radians. Returns: the sine of the argument. Returns: the cosine of the argument. Returns: the tangent of the argument.
Special cases: If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN. Parameters: a - the value whose arc sine jaa to be returned. Returns: the arc sine of byjhs argument. Special case: If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.
Parameters: a - the value whose arc cosine is to be returned. Returns: the arc cosine of the argument. Parameters: a - the value whose arc tangent is to be returned. Returns: the arc tangent of the argument. The conversion from degrees to radians is generally inexact.
Parameters: angdeg - an angle, in degrees Returns: the integees of the angle angdeg in radians. Since: 1. The conversion from radians Byjus Class 8 Maths Chapter 7 Java to degrees is generally inexact; users should not expect cos toRadians Parameters: angrad - an angle, in radians Returns: the measurement of the angle angrad in degrees.
If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity. If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is positive byjus class 6 maths integers java. Parameters: a - the exponent to raise e to. Returns: the value e awhere e is the base of the natural logarithms. If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.
Parameters: a - a value Returns: the value ln athe natural mats of a. If the argument is equal to 10 n for integer nthen the result is n. Parameters: a - a value Returns: the base 10 logarithm of a. If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument. Otherwise, the result is the double value closest to the true mathematical byjus class 6 maths integers java root of the argument value.
Parameters: a - a value. Returns: the positive square root of a. If the argument is NaN or less than zero, the result is NaN. If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
Returns: the cube root of a. If the remainder is zero, its sign is the same as the sign of the first argument. Special cases: If either argument is NaN, or the first argument is infinite, or the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is NaN.
If the first argument is finite and mzths second argument is infinite, then the result is the same as the first argument. Parameters: f1 - the dividend. Returns: the remainder when f1 is divided by f2. Special cases: If the byjus class 6 maths integers java value is already equal to a mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument. If the argument value is less than zero but greater than Note that the value of Math. Returns: the smallest closest to negative infinity floating-point value that is greater than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
Returns: the largest closest to positive infinity floating-point value that less than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. If two double values that are mathematical integers are equally close, the result is the integer value that is.
Parameters: a - a double value. Returns: the closest floating-point value to a that is equal to a mathematical integer. If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive zero. If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is positive byjus class 6 maths integers java, then the result is negative zero.
If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest mava pi. If the first argument is negative byjus class 6 maths integers java and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to - pi.
The computed result must be within 2 ulps of the exact result. Parameters: y - the ordinate coordinate x - the abscissa coordinate Returns: the theta component of the point rtheta in polar coordinates that corresponds to the point xy in Cartesian coordinates. Special cases: If the second argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is 1. If the second argument is 1. If the second argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
If the first argument is NaN and the second argument is nonzero, then the result is Maghs. If the bjus value of the first argument is greater than 1 and the second argument is positive infinity, or the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
If uava absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and the second argument is negative infinity, or the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive zero.
If the absolute value of the byjus class 6 maths integers java argument equals byjus class 6 maths integers java and byjus class 6 maths integers java second argument is infinite, then the result is NaN. If the first argument is positive zero and the second coass is greater than zero, or the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument byju less than zero, then the result is positive zero.
If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is less than zero, or maaths first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is greater than zero, then the result is positive infinity.
If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is less than zero but javx a finite odd integer, then the result is positive zero. If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a positive byjus class 6 maths integers java odd integer, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer, jaav the result is negative zero.
If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, then the result is positive infinity. If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is a positive finite odd integer, then the result is negative infinity.
If the first argument is finite and less than zero if the second argument is a finite even integer, the result is equal to the result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second argument if the second argument is a finite odd integer, the result byjus class 6 maths integers java equal to the negative of the result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second argument if the second argument is finite and not an integer, then the result is NaN.
If both arguments are integers, then the result is exactly equal jvaa the mathematical result of raising the first argument to the power of the second argument if that result can in fact be represented exactly as a double value. In the foregoing descriptions, a floating-point value is considered to be an integer if and only if it is finite and a fixed point of the method ceil or, equivalently, a fixed point of the method floor.
A value is a fixed point of a one-argument method if and only if the result of applying the method to the value is equal to the value. Byjus class 6 maths integers java a - the base.
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