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He joined the conquest in Venezuela and was made a captain. During the s, the Spanish began to travel through and colonize North America. They were looking for gold in foreign kingdoms. By there were rumours of undiscovered lands to the northwest of Hispaniola. Another early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold , or "Cibola", rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest.
In Francisco de Ulloa , the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta. The Basques were fur trading, fishing cod and whaling in Terranova Labrador and Newfoundland in , [31] and in Iceland by at least the early 17th century.
In Terranova they hunted bowheads and right whales , while in Iceland [35] they appear to have only hunted the latter. The Spanish fishery in Terranova declined over conflicts between Spain and other European powers during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. As a result of his expedition, the Diego Ribeiro world map outlined the East coast of North America almost perfectly.
After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and swamp , the party reached Apalachee Bay with men. They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico, but there was in fact miles of coast between them. They followed the coast westward, until they reached the mouth of the Mississippi River near to Galveston Island.
Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper Gulf Coast. They continued through Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya ; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now Sinaloa Used Fishing Boats For Sale In Eastern Nc Dvd , Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years.
They spent years enslaved by the Ananarivo of the Louisiana Gulf Islands. Later they were enslaved by the Hans , the Capoques and others. In they escaped into the American interior, contacting other Native American tribes along the way. In , Estevanico was one of four men who accompanied Marcos de Niza as a guide in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola , preceding Coronado. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona.
He was killed at the Zuni village of Hawikuh in present-day New Mexico. The viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza , for whom is named the Codex Mendoza , commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in � After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather.
In , expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area of Yuma and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River from Mexico to California by land as an ideal spot for a city, as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under feet wide in one small point. Augustine Spanish Florida , is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States.
They explored a part of the route visited by Coronado in New Mexico and other parts in the southwestern United States between and From to Francis Xavier worked in Maluku among the peoples of Ambon Island , Ternate , and Morotai , and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there. He was the first governor-general of the Spanish East Indies.
The Spanish settled and took control of Tidore in to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The Spanish presence lasted until , when the settlers and military were moved back to the Philippines. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near Manila in what later became the municipality of Ternate.
Since the arrival to Kagoshima Kyushu of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain was interested in Japan. As a seafaring people in the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Portuguese became natural leaders of exploration during the Middle Ages. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea, by exploiting its seafaring prowess, or by land, and facing the task of crossing Castile and Aragon territory, it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to England, Flanders , Italy and the Hanseatic league towns.
One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the Silk Road. Those routes were dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa , and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in The Ottomans barred European access.
For decades the Spanish Netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from Spain, Mediterranean possessions, and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring European countries: wheat, olive oil, wine, silver, spice, wool and silk were big businesses.
The gold brought home from Guinea stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese, and its European neighbours, especially Spain. Apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable.
They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states. Due to these connections, mathematicians and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal.
Portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics, cartography and naval technology. Portuguese explored the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans before the Iberian Union period � Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. In , Vasco da Gama reached India. The Portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as Taiwan, Japan, and the island of Timor. Several writers have also suggested the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover Australia and New Zealand.
Attracting settlers proved difficult; however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil. The Portuguese following the maritime trade routes of Muslims and Chinese traders, sailed the Indian Ocean. Da Gama in marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in Indian Ocean. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor general.
Around , Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. The first English ship to visit Unguja, the Edward Bonaventure in , found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. Portuguese were established supporting one Christian local dynasty ruling suitor. By Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba , who was elevated to the status of bishop in The aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India were Portuguese India.
In a series of military conflicts, political manoeuvres and conquests, the Portuguese extended their control over the Sinhalese kingdoms , including Jaffna , [58] Raigama , Sitawaka , and Kotte , [59] but the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control failed. The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese, with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan guerrilla warfare.
More envoys were sent in to Ethiopia, after Socotra was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, regent queen Eleni of Ethiopia sent ambassador Mateus to king Manuel I of Portugal and to the Pope, in search of a coalition. In , the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won a critical victory in the battle of Diu against a joint Mamluk and Arab fleet sent to counteract their presence in the Arabian Sea.
The retreat of the Mamluks and Arabs enabled the Portuguese to implement their strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean. Afonso de Albuquerque set sail in April from Goa to Malacca with a force of 1, men and seventeen or eighteen ships. That same year, the Portuguese, desiring a commercial alliance, sent an ambassador, Duarte Fernandes , to the kingdom of Ayudhya , where he was well received by king Ramathibodi II.
Earlier expeditions by Diogo Dias and Afonso de Albuquerque had explored that part of the Indian Ocean, and discovered several islands new to Europeans. Mascarenhas served as Captain-Major of the Portuguese colony of Malacca from to , and as viceroy Used Fishing Boats For Sale Appleton Wi Account of Goa, capital of the Portuguese possessions in Asia, from until his death in He was succeeded by Francisco Barreto , who served with the title of "governor-general". To enforce a trade monopoly, Muscat , and Hormuz in the Persian Gulf , were seized by Afonso de Albuquerque in , and in and , respectively.
He also entered into diplomatic relations with Persia. In while trying to conquer Aden , an expedition led by Albuquerque cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab , and sheltered at Kamaran island.
In , the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the city of Guangzhou by the sea, and they settled on its port for a commercial monopoly of trade with other nations. They were later expelled from their settlements, but they were allowed the use of Macau , which was also occupied in , and to be appointed in as the base for doing business with Guangzhou.
The quasi-monopoly on foreign trade in the region would be maintained by the Portuguese until the early seventeenth century, when the Spanish and Dutch arrived.
The Portuguese presence disrupted and reorganised the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia they introduced Christianity. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the conflict in Malacca.
The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade. Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, and as such the feeble attempts at Christianization only strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler.
After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in after a five-year siege.
The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in , but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah r. Altogether, the Portuguese never had the resources or manpower to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the crucial Banda Islands, the nearby centre of most nutmeg and mace production.
Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia particularly among the Ambonese. Mauritius was visited by the Portuguese between by Diogo Fernandes Pereira and The Portuguese took no interest in the isolated Mascarene islands. Their main African base was in Mozambique , and therefore the Portuguese navigators preferred to use the Mozambique Channel to go to India.
The Comoros at the north proved to be a more practical port of call. Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas , Manuel I claimed territorial rights in the area visited by John Cabot in and Accompanied by colonists from mainland Portugal and the Azores, he explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia possibly reaching the Bay of Fundy on the Minas Basin [76] , and established a fishing colony on Cape Breton Island , that would last some years or until at least s, based on contemporary accounts.
The first settlement was founded in Some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract brazilwood. Worried about the foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and combat the French.
As time passed, the Portuguese created the Viceroyalty of Brazil. The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes [82] while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.
The Dutch sacked Bahia in , and temporarily captured the capital Salvador. In the s and s, the Dutch West India Company established many trade posts or colonies. The Spanish silver fleet, which carried silver from Spanish colonies to Spain, were seized by Piet Heyn in In Suriname and Guyana were established.
He landed at Recife , the port of Pernambuco and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January In most of the inhabitants of the town Pernambuco Recife , in the future Dutch colony of Brazil were Sephardic Jews who had been banned by the Portuguese Inquisition to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about Jews left Amsterdam in , accompanied by two distinguished scholars � Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar.
In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil the Dutch were supported by the Jews. From to , the Dutch set up more permanently in the Nordeste and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior.
But the colonists of the Dutch West India Company in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of John Maurice of Nassau as governor. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in Portuguese sent military expeditions to the Amazon Rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds, [90] founding villages and forts from Before the Iberian Union period � , Spain tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into Brazil with the Treaty of Tordesillas.
This was disputed in vain, and in Spain confirmed Portuguese sovereignty. The defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal's king led to the end of the Portuguese Aviz dynasty and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the Iberian Union for 60 years under Sebastian's uncle Philip II of Spain.
Philip was married to his relative Mary I cousin of his father, due to this, Philip was King of England and Ireland [93] in a dynastic union with Spain. The English-Spanish wars of � were clashes not only in English and Spanish ports or on the sea between them but also in and around the present-day territories of Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Panama. Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to control its coastal regions for a considerable time.
From to mostly, the Bandeirantes in Brazil focused on slave hunting, then from to they focused on mineral wealth. Through these expeditions and the Dutch�Portuguese War , Colonial Brazil expanded from the small limits of the Tordesilhas Line to roughly the same borders as current Brazil.
In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, the Dutch occupied many Portuguese territories in Brazil. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by an Iberian military expedition in After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in , Portugal re-established authority over its lost territories including remaining Dutch controlled areas.
The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions.
Spanish Formosa was established in Taiwan, first by Portugal in and later renamed and repositioned by Spain in Keelung. It became a natural defence site for the Iberian Union. The colony was designed to protect Spanish and Portuguese trade from interference by the Dutch base in the south of Taiwan. The Spanish colony was short-lived due to the unwillingness of Spanish colonial authorities in Manila to defend it. While technological superiority, military strategy and forging local alliances played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas, their conquest was greatly facilitated by old world diseases: smallpox , chicken pox , diphtheria , typhus , influenza , measles , malaria and yellow fever.
The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages. This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors, so that as they advanced, resistance weakened. The American natives lacked immunity to these infections. When Francisco Coronado and the Spaniards first explored the Rio Grande Valley in , in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes. Cabeza de Vaca reported that in , when the Spanish landed in Texas, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us.
The first epidemic was recorded in and killed the emperor Huayna Capac , the father of Atahualpa. Further epidemics of smallpox broke out in , , and , as well as typhus in , influenza in , diphtheria in and measles in Recently developed tree-ring evidence shows that the illness which reduced the population in Aztec Mexico was aided by a great drought in the 16th century, and which continued through the arrival of the Spanish conquest.
The cocoliztli epidemic from to killed an estimated, additional 2 to 2. The American researcher H. The conquistadors found new animal species, but reports confused these with monsters such as giants, dragons, or ghosts. An early motive for exploration was the search for Cipango, the place where gold was born. Cathay and Cibao were later goals. Books such as The Travels of Marco Polo fuelled rumours of mythical places.
In , Francisco de Orellana reached the Amazon River , naming it after a tribe of warlike women he claimed to have fought there. Others claimed that the similarity between Indio and Iudio , the Spanish-language word for 'Jew' around , revealed the indigenous peoples' origin. Sir Walter Raleigh and some Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French and Portuguese expeditions were looking for the wonderful Guiana empire that gave its name to the present day countries of the Guianas.
Several expeditions went in search of these fabulous places, but returned empty-handed, or brought less gold than they had hoped. They discovered new routes, ocean currents , trade winds , crops, spices and other products.
In the sail era knowledge of winds and currents was essential, for example, the Agulhas current long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. Various places in Africa and the Americas have been named after the imagined cities made of gold, rivers of gold and precious stones.
Marching westward in to find the land of the "White King", he was the first European to cross South America from the East. He discovered a great waterfall [ clarification needed ] and the Chaco Plain. He managed to penetrate the outer defences of the Inca Empire on the hills of the Andes , in present-day Bolivia , the first European to do so, eight years before Francisco Pizarro.
Garcia looted a booty of silver. The Spanish discovery of what they thought at that time was India, and the constant competition of Portugal and Spain led to a desire for secrecy about every trade route and every colony.
As a consequence, many documents that could reach other European countries included fake dates and faked facts, to mislead any other nation's possible efforts. For example, the Island of California refers to a famous cartographic error propagated on many maps during the 17th and 18th centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, peopled by black women Amazons.
The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many primary sources. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as , thus explaining his wish in at the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas , to push the line of influence further west.
Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of Lisbon. Ferdinand II King of Aragon and Regent of Castile, incorporated the American territories into the Kingdom of Castile and then withdrew the authority granted to governor Christopher Columbus and the first conquistadors.
He established direct royal control with the Council of the Indies , the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire , both in the Americas and in Asia.
After unifying Castile, Ferdinand introduced to Castile many laws, regulations and institutions such as the Inquisition , that were typical in Aragon. These laws were later used in the new lands. The Laws of Burgos , created in �, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of settlers in Spanish colonial America, particularly with regards to Native Americans. They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.
Emperor Charles V was already using the term " Council of the Indies " in The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. The "capitulacion" clearly stated that the conquered territories belonged to the Crown, not to the individual.
On the other hand, concessions allowed the Crown to guide the Companies conquests to certain territories, depending on their interests. In addition, the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army, the native population, the type of military action.
A written report about the results was mandatory. The army had a royal official, the "veedor". The "veedor" or notary, ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King's share of the booty.
Armed groups sought supplies and funds in various ways. Financing was requested from the King, delegates of the Crown, the nobility, rich merchants or the troops themselves. The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown. Campaigns were sometimes initiated by inexperienced governors, because in Spanish Colonial America , offices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies.
Sometimes, an expedition of conquistadors were a group of influential men who had recruited and equipped their fighters, by promising a share of the booty. Aside from the explorations predominated by Spain and Portugal, other parts of Europe also aided in colonization of the New World. King Charles I was documented to receive loans from German bank Welser to help finance the Venezuela expedition for gold.
The conquistador borrowed as little as possible, preferring to invest all their belongings. Sometimes, every soldier brought his own equipment and supplies, other times the soldiers received gear as an advance from the conquistador. Sponsors included governments, the king, viceroys, and local governors backed by rich men. The contribution of each individual conditioned the subsequent division of the booty, receiving a portion the pawn lancero, piquero, alabardero, rodelero and twice a man on horseback caballero owner of a horse.
Even the dogs, important weapons of war in their own right, were in some cases rewarded. The division of the booty produced conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and Almagro. Though vastly outnumbered on foreign and unknown territory, Conquistadors had several military advantages over the native peoples they conquered. Through the long conflict of the Reconquista , The Spanish and Portuguese belonged to a more militarily advanced civilization with better military strategy, techniques, tools, a few number of crude fire arms, artillery, iron, steel and domesticated animals.
Horses and mules carried them, pigs fed them and dogs fought for them. The indigenous peoples had the advantage of established settlements, determination to remain independent and large numerical superiority. European diseases and divide and conquer tactics contributed to the defeat of the native populations. In the Iberian peninsula, in a situation of constant conflict, warfare and daily life were strongly interlinked. Small, lightly equipped armies were maintained at all times.
The state of war continued intermittently for centuries and created a very warlike culture in Iberia that forged the Conquistadors. Another factor was the ability of the conquistadors to manipulate the political situation between indigenous peoples and make alliances against larger empires. To beat the Inca civilization, they supported one side of a civil war. The Spanish overthrew the Aztec civilization by allying with natives who had been subjugated by more powerful neighbouring tribes and kingdoms.
These tactics had been used by the Spanish, for example, in the Granada War , the conquest of the Canary Islands and conquest of Navarre. The Europeans practiced war within the terms and laws of their concept of a just war. While Spanish soldiers went to the battlefield to kill their enemies, the Aztecs and Mayas captured their enemies for use as sacrificial victims to their gods�a process called " flower war " by Spanish historians.
In traditional cultures of the Stone Age , Bronze Age , and hunter-gatherer societies the warfare was mostly 'endemic', long duration, low intensity, usually evolving into almost a ritualized form. By contrast, Europe had moved to 'sporadic' warfare in the Middle Ages due to the availability of professionally mercenary armies.
Aztec and other native peoples practiced an endemic system of warfare as well, and so were easily defeated by Spanish and Portuguese sporadic-warfare armies in the early s. Spanish and Portuguese forces were capable of quickly moving long distances in foreign land, Used Fishing Boats For Sale Denver Co Work allowing for speed of maneuver to catch outnumbering forces by surprise. Wars were mainly between clans, expelling intruders. On land, these wars combined some European methods with techniques from Muslim bandits in Al-Andalus.
These tactics consisted of small groups who attempted to catch their opponents by surprise, through an ambush. In Mombasa , Dom Vasco da Gama resorted to piracy , looting Arab merchant ships, which were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. Spanish conquistadors in the Americas made extensive use of short swords and crossbows , with arquebus becoming widespread only from the s.
Animals were another important factor for Spanish triumph. On the one hand, the introduction of the horse and other domesticated pack animals allowed them greater mobility unknown to the Indian cultures. However, in the mountains and jungles, the Spaniards were less able to use narrow Amerindian roads and bridges made for pedestrian traffic, which were sometimes no wider than a few feet. In places such as Argentina , New Mexico and California , the indigenous people learned horsemanship, cattle raising, and sheep herding.
The use of the new techniques by indigenous groups later became a disputed factor in native resistance to the colonial and American governments. The Spaniards were also skilled at breeding dogs for war, hunting and protection.
The mastiffs , Spanish war dogs [] and sheep dogs they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives, who, in many cases, had never seen domesticated dogs. These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity. The strongest big breeds of broad-mouthed dogs were specifically trained for battle.
These war dogs were used against barely clothed troops. They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel. The successive expeditions and experience of the Spanish and Portuguese pilots led to a rapid evolution of European nautical science. In the thirteenth century they were guided by the sun position. For celestial navigation like other Europeans, they used Greek tools, like the astrolabe and quadrant , which they made easier and simpler. They also created the cross-staff , or cane of Jacob , for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars.
The results varied throughout the year, which required corrections. To address this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables Ephemeris , a precious tool for oceanic navigation, which spread widely in the fifteenth century.
These tables revolutionized navigation, enabling latitude calculations. The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum , by astronomer Abraham Zacuto , published in Leiria in , were used along with its improved astrolabe, by Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvares Cabral. The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese caravel. Iberians quickly adopted it for their merchant navy.
It was a development based on African fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to tons and one to three masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing luffing. The caravel particularly benefited from a greater capacity to tack.
The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but have not hindered its success. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's discoveries about a new territory, which only took up the space of one person.
Columbus also used them in his travels. Long oceanic voyages led to larger ships. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with cannon windows, which led to the classification of "naus" according to the power of its artillery.
The carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted ship. It had a high rounded stern with large aftcastle , forecastle and bowsprit at the stem.
It was first used by the Portuguese, and later by the Spanish. They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade. They grew from tons capacity in the 15th century to In the 16th century they usually had two decks , stern castles fore and aft, two to four masts with overlapping sails.
In India travels in the sixteenth century used carracks, large merchant ships with a high edge and three masts with square sails, that reached 2, tons. Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese ships also made trips further out to gather meteorological and oceanographic information. The knowledge of wind patterns and currents , the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis , facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the "volta do mar" return of the sea.
In , the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila Galleon trade route.
In Angelino Dulcert of Majorca produced the portolan chart map. Evidently drawing from the information provided in by Lanceloto Malocello sponsored by King Dinis of Portugal. It showed Lanzarote island, named Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus and marked by a Genoese shield, as well as the island of Forte Vetura Fuerteventura and Vegi Mari Lobos , although Dulcert also Used Fishing Boats For Sale Alberta 91 included some imaginary islands himself, notably Saint Brendan's Island , and three islands he names Primaria , Capraria and Canaria.
Kerala has , km of roads 4. This translates into about 4. Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road. The road density in Kerala is nearly four times the national average, and is a reflection of Kerala's unique settlement patterns. India's national highway network includes a Kerala-wide total of 1, km, which is only 2.
There are eight designated national highways in the state. Renewable energy sources constitute the bulk of electricity generated in Kerala. This period also saw the first time in which the state experienced zero powercuts and load sheddings that were a characteristic feature of the previous government.
The Kochi Refinery is a public crude oil refinery in the city of Kochi. It is the largest state owned refinery in India with a production capacity of Kochi Refinery is engaged in Refining and marketing of petroleum products. The Company entered the petrochemical sector with benzene and toluene in India's largest floating solar power plant set up on the Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad , Kerala. The Cochin International Airport the first airport in India that runs entirely on solar power, is in Kerala.
The Kochi Metro is planning 78 solar-electric ferry boats for the city, which will be the largest integrated water transport system in the world. Kerala is the single largest originator of education loans for the country as a whole. Total disbursal of education loans amount to Rs. Aluva is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. There are more than industries viz. The following companies headquartered in or primarily operating from Kerala are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange :.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Economy of Kerala Cranes at Cochin Shipyard which is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India. Fiscal year. Population below poverty line. Human Development Index. Public debt. Budget balance. Main article: Tourism in Kerala. Department of Economics and Statistics, Govt. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 4 December PRS Legislative Research.
Archived from the original on 25 March Retrieved 19 July NITI Aayog. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. Retrieved 3 November Archived from the original PDF on 2 November Retrieved 7 August The New York Times.
Retrieved 1 May Kannan, K. Hari Zachariah Archived from the original PDF on 25 February Retrieved 2 January Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 July Retrieved 19 November Retrieved 23 March The Hindu. Retrieved 29 December Retrieved 10 May Chennai, India. Retrieved 2 April � via www. India Today. Special Correspondent. ISSN X. Retrieved 18 November Retrieved 8 November The Times of India. Economic and Political Weekly. Retrieved 11 October Deccan Chronicle. Kerala topics. Vishu Onam Pooram.
India portal. Economy of India. Category Commons Wikiquotes. Categories : Economy of Kerala. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons.
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