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The mass of an aircraft can be reduced by using light-weight materials such as titanium , carbon fibre and other composite plastics.
Expensive materials may be used, if the reduction of mass justifies the price of materials through improved fuel efficiency. The improvements achieved in fuel efficiency by mass reduction, reduces the amount of fuel that needs to be carried.
This further reduces the mass of the aircraft and therefore enables further gains in fuel efficiency. For example, the Airbus A design includes multiple light-weight materials. Airbus has showcased wingtip devices sharklets or winglets that can achieve 3. Further developed Minix winglets have been said to offer 6 percent reduction in fuel consumption. NASA and Boeing are conducting tests on a lb kg " blended wing " aircraft.
This design allows for greater fuel efficiency since the whole craft produces lift, not just the wings. These features translate into greater range, fuel economy, reliability and life cycle savings, as well as lower manufacturing costs. Propeller systems, such as turboprops and propfans are a more fuel efficient technology than jets. For instance, Airbus has patented aircraft designs with twin rear-mounted counter-rotating propfans.
Related to fuel efficiency is the impact of aviation emissions on climate. Cunard stated that Queen Elizabeth 2 travelled MS Oasis of the Seas has a capacity of 6, passengers and a fuel efficiency of Voyager-class cruise ships have a capacity of 3, passengers and a fuel efficiency of If it carries 13, containers then 1 kg fuel transports one container for one hour over a distance of 45 km.
This corresponds to 46, kJ. A sailboat , much like a solar car, can locomote without consuming any fuel. A sail boat such as a dinghy using just wind power requires no input energy in terms of fuel. However some manual energy is required by the crew to steer the boat and adjust the sails using lines.
In addition energy will be needed for demands other than propulsion, such as cooking, heating or lighting. The fuel efficiency of a single-occupancy boat is highly dependent on the size of its engine, the speed at which it travels, and its displacement.
With a single passenger, the equivalent energy efficiency will be lower than in a car, train, or plane. Rail and bus are generally required to serve 'off peak' and rural services, which by their nature have lower loads than city bus routes and inter city train lines. Moreover, due to their 'walk on' ticketing it is much harder to match daily demand and passenger numbers. Conversely, airline services generally work on point-to-point networks between large population centres and are 'pre-book' in nature.
For emissions, the electricity generating source needs to be taken into account. The US transport Energy Data Book states the following figures for passenger transport in [84] These are based on actual consumption of energy, at whatever occupancy rates there were.
The US transport Energy book states the following figures for freight transport in [84] [] [] []. Natural Resources Canada's Office of Energy Efficiency publishes annual statistics regarding the efficiency of the entire Canadian fleet.
For researchers, these fuel consumption estimates are more realistic than the fuel consumption ratings of new vehicles, as they represent the real world driving conditions, including extreme weather and traffic. The annual report is called Energy Efficiency Trends Analysis. There are dozens of tables illustrating trends in energy consumption expressed in energy per passenger km passengers or energy per tonne km freight. The environmental calculator of the French environment and energy agency ADEME published in using data from [] enables one to compare the different means of transport as regards the CO 2 emissions in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent as well as the consumption of primary energy.
This computer tool devised by the ADEME shows the importance of public transport from an environmental point of view. It highlights the primary energy consumption as well as the CO 2 emissions due to transport. Due to the relatively low environmental impact of radioactive waste , compared to that of fossil fuel combustion emissions, this is not a factor in the tool. Moreover, intermodal passenger transport is probably a key to sustainable transport , by allowing people to use less polluting means of transport.
Deutsche Bahn calculates the energy consumption of their various means of transportation. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main article: Velomobile. Main article: Fuel economy in automobiles.
See also: Energy-efficient driving. It has been suggested that parts of this page be moved into fuel economy in aircraft. Main articles: Fuel economy in aircraft and Environmental impact of aviation. Retrieved 18 September The National Academies Press.
ISBN Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 September Archived from the original on 15 March Retrieved 2 May Archived from the original on 10 September Retrieved 24 June Runner's World.
Retrieved 23 June Retrieved 8 June European Environment Agency. Retrieved 17 June Retrieved 19 July Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 19 September Power required for a single full charge 0. UK Vehicle Certification Agency. Archived from the original on 10 February Retrieved 22 March Retrieved 24 November Retrieved 23 May National Renewable Energy Laboratory. January Retrieved 5 September UK House of Commons. Retrieved 25 March Proterra, Inc. June Retrieved 17 April Union internationale des transports publics.
Retrieved 12 June Retrieved 19 June Archived from the original PDF on 13 June Retrieved 4 March Retrieved 16 November Retrieved 27 November Archived from the original on 27 September UK Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 22 April Retrieved 23 March Transportation Research D. Retrieved 12 August Archived from the original on 12 March The New York Times.
Retrieved 24 May Archived from the original on 26 April Association of American Railroads. July Retrieved 14 May Diegel; Robert G.
Boundy Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition US Department of Energy. Table 2. Retrieved 22 February Archived from the original on 5 June Retrieved 5 June Capehart Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology , Volume 1.
CRC Press. Retrieved: 2 December Retrieved 11 January Fuel efficiency of commercial aircraft An overview of historical and future trends. National Aerospace Laboratory, The Netherlands. Archived from the original on 14 December Hastings Vic Insurance.
Hull Material. Email Seller Email Seller. Call Seller Call Seller Sunbird Trailable yacht currently moored in Hastings Bight Victoria. Both the boat and the mooring Parks Victoria are available. She is a solid boat with a retractable centre plate which is perfect for Western Port Bay she is cabable of venturing outside the bay.
You won't have to spend a thing - you can just sail away. She has 5 births and a small galley with a 2 burner metho stove and plates, cutlery, saucepans etc. Sails - Main, and 3 working jibs in reasonable condition. Safety equipment includes life jackets, torches, flares, life ring, auto electric builge pump and manual bilge pump etc. Good interior lighting. Muiltiple anchors, fenders and mooring lines Large solar panel hand held vhf and 28mhz radio 8hp Mariner outboard fits in a well in the cockpit.
Large removable Icebox plus buit in icebox under the seats. Portapotty Center plate serviced and hull antifouled July Mooring is accessabe in all tidal conditions Island inflatable dingy ok condition with Jarvis Walker electric trolling motor - currently storred at the yacht club.
Lots of extras - boat hook, buckets etc. The boat is trailable if required - boat weights just under 2t. Mooring is inspected anually. Chain and shackles were replace in She is designed to be trailable but does not come with a trailer. Vessel Name. Rego Expiry. Decks Material. Engine Make. Number Engines. Fuel Type. Galley with 2 burner metho stove and large food locker. Plates, cutley draw, Sink with hand pump cold water. Dining table to seat 4. Large V-berth, Forward vanity basin.
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