Most countries of Asia, including India, history 10th ncert pdf 65 Africa, and many other parts of the world were until recent years under the control of one imperialist country or.

The first phase of the imperialist control and colonization of Asia, Ncedt and the Americas began in the sixteenth century. During the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, as you have read in Chapter 6 Vol.

England and France occupied parts of North America Many people from these countries of Europe went to settle in these colonies permanently During this period, the European control in Africa extended only to about one fifth of the continent, mainly in the coastal areas.

This was the period of slave trade The European slave traders enslaved and transported about Africans to the Cnert every month during the seventeenth century In Asia, the Europeans came mainly with the purpose of trade The traders from Portugal, Holland, England, France and other countries, with the backing histofy their respective governments, set up their trading posts and tried to establish their monopoly of trade with the countries of Asia, and each tried to exclude the others through war and by extending their political influence and control.

The Portuguese who controlled the trade with Asia were ousted from that position by the Dutch and the English who extended their control over Indonesia and India, respectively. Generally speaking, the first phase of imperialism and colonization came to an end by the close of the eighteenth century.

The British conquest of India which had started in the middle of the eighteenth century, was completed by about the middle of 10ty nineteenth century. In the meantime, the imperialist penetration of China had begun. The period between the sixteenth to the eighteenth century was a period of naked plunder by European colonial powers In Chapter prf Vol.

During the initial period of the Industrial Revolution, the pursuit for colonies had slowed down The pursuit for colonies and colonial rivalries reemerged in the last quarter of the nineteenth century This new phase of imperialism, which began in about and continued tillis often described as New Imperialism It was the history 10th ncert pdf 65 of the economic system that had developed as a result of the History 10th ncert pdf 65 Revolution During this phase, a few industrialized capitalist countries established their political and economic control and domination over almost the rest of the world The forms of control and domination including direct colonial rule, spheres of influence and various types of economic and commercial agreements The power of some of the imperialist countries such as Spain and Portugal declined during this period, and new countries emerged which played an increasingly important role during this phase of imperialist expansion and rivalries.

Besides the old imperialist countries �Britain and France �which continued to be powerful and expand, the new imperialist countries history 10th ncert pdf 65 emerged during this period were Germany, Nceft, 13e1 glum, U S A and, later, Japan.

If you study the conditions that existed in the world in the nineteenth century, you will find that these conditions favoured the growth of imperialism The imperialist countries took full advantage of these conditions and easily justified any and every conquest that served their interests.

In fact, the more pow erful nations made imperialism seem necessary and natural. As you have read, the Industrial Revolution resulted in a very great increase in the production of goods It also created the capitalist system of production. Under capitalism, maximum profit for the capitalist was the primary purpose of production Capitalists followed two courses to make big profits �more and more production and history 10th ncert pdf 65 wages to workers The production of goods was far in excess of the demand at home.

Low wages meant low purchasing power of the majority of the population and this also restricted their demand at home. So capitalist countries had to find new markets and buyers for the goods their industries hiwtory producing. The possibilities of one industrialized country selling its manufactures to another industrialized country were also limited.

That is, each country put a heavy tariff or tax on goods imported from other countries. European countries could find markets for their surplus goods in Asia and Africa where the Industrial Revolution had not taken history 10th ncert pdf 65. Selling was made easier through political domination of these areas.

Then each country could protect its market from other European histor and also eliminate any competition from goods produced locally. In addition to markets, European countries needed new sources history 10th ncert pdf 65 raw materials. As industries grew, more and more raw materials were needed to fee those industries. And all that was needed could not be had internally, at any rate history 10th ncert pdf 65 enough of it.

Ncwrt and Egypt were good sources of cotton, Congo and the East Indies, of rubber Other products needed were food grains, tea, coffee, indigo, tobacco and sugar. To obtain these, it was necessary to change the pattern of production in the countries where they could be grown. Sometimes, goods produced in one country were sold in another country to pay for the goods from that country For example, the English promoted the cultivation of opium in India, they smuggled the opium from History 10th ncert pdf 65 into China and in this way paid for the goods that they bought in History 10th ncert pdf 65. In some countries, the imperialists forced the cultivation of only one or two crops which they needed as raw materials for their industries Coal, iron, tin, gold, copper and, later, oil were other resources of Asia and Africa that European hitory wanted to control.

Towards the hustory of the nineteenth century, imperialist countries began looking upon Asia, Africa and South Africa as good places to invest their history 10th ncert pdf 65 The abundance of raw history 10th ncert pdf 65 in Asia and Africa, and the number of people who could be made to work for lower wages made the two continents very attractive to investors.

Capital invested in Europe would fetch only 3 or 4 per cent profit, in Asia or Africa, it was as high as history 10th ncert pdf 65 per cent From about the end of the nineteenth century, export of capital for investment in other countries began to become more important than the export of goods. This happened as a result of the growing influence and power of the financial institutions such as banks. Changes in transport and communication that came with the Industrial Revolution made the spread history 10th ncert pdf 65 imperialism easier.

Steamships could carry goods between hitsory countries in Europe and the acquired territories in Asia and Africa much faster than old sailing vessels With cheap labour, imperialist countries built railroads and inland waterways in conquered area. On these they could get raw materials out of the interior of the continents and send their manufactured products into new markets.

Thus every area of the world was brought within easy reach of the industrialized history 10th ncert pdf 65. The later part of the nineteenth century was a period of intense nationalism. Germany and Italy had just succeeded in becoming unified nations. Nationalism in the late nineteenth century came to be associated with chauvinism Many nations developed myths of their superiority over other peoples Each one felt that it, history 10th ncert pdf 65, must have colonies to add to its prestige and power.

Imperialism became the fashion of the age. Writers and speakers in England, France and Germany opened institutions to promote the idea of imperialism, and took great pride in calling their territories empires.

Imperialist countries took over some places in Asia and Africa because of their military or strategic importance. At these places she established naval bases and coaling stations to strengthen her overseas power Rival nations got similar bases elsewhere, as you will see. Acquiring a colony also had a chain reaction If a county acquired a colony, it needed another to protect it and so on. The 10gh of the colonies was alsoused in the administration of the colonies at lower levels.

In the minds of many Europeans, imperialist expansion was very noble. Christian missionaries, dedicated to spreading Christianity, also played their part in promoting the idea of imperialism. Usually they went alone into unknown areas in a spirit of ppdf. Very often they were followed by profiteering traders and history 10th ncert pdf 65. Wars often took place to protect the missionaries.

They also helped in spreading imperialism. Ncerg went into unknown or little known territories and brought back reports that often indicated opportunities for trade and development. The most important condition favouring the imperialist conquest history 10th ncert pdf 65 Asia and Africa was that the Industrial Revolution had not come to this pxf of the world. The craftsmen produced goods of fine quality that Westerners admired and desired.

But they relied entirely on hand tools which meant production on a small scale In comparison with the production of Western countries in the nineteenth century, Asian and African methods were backward.

Also, because of the lack of knowledge that the Industrial Revolution had brought to the West, the two continents were militarily unable to stand up to the armed might and power of Europe. The governments of the countries of Asia and Africa were very weak in the nineteenth century, though in ancient and medieval times powerful empires had existed.

In the nineteenth century, the old ways of governing were still followed, even though they had outlived their usefulness. Strong nationstates hisfory the modern sense had not developed.

These rulers cared little for the welfare of the people. These conditions help histkry explain how small history 10th ncert pdf 65 of Westerners succeeded in gaining power and, finally, with the backing of their governments, in conquering entire countries.

The decline of the Mughal empire in India gave the British and the French, who had come to prf, an opportunity to conquer India. The English East India Company, formed inwas victorious in its conflict with France, which ended in Beginning with Bengal, almost the entire country came under the rule of the English East India Company. After the Revolt ofthe British government took over direct control of India.

Many princely states survived but they were free more in name than in fact. The conflict between the English East India Company and the French was over establishing a monopoly of trade. There was no longer any need to bring money from England to buy Indian goods.

These were purchased 665 the money made from British conquests in India and sold in England and Europe Fortunes were made by the officers of the Company India was known as the brightest jewel of the British empire. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution in England, British goods poured into this country.

This ruined Indian handicraft industries. Millions of pounds were drained out of India to England in the form of profits and as payment to the British government as direct tribute and Home Charges. The British conquest led to many changes in the Indian social and economic life. To prevent opposition from the Indian people, the British imposed laws to stifle the expression of public opinion They excluded Indians from responsible positions in government, and discriminated against them in other institutions and in social life.

Imperialist domination of China began with what are known as the Opium Wars Before these wars, only two ports were open to foreign traders British merchants bought Chinese tea, silk and other goods, but there was no market for British goods in China.

Then History 10th ncert pdf 65 merchants started smuggling opium into China on a large scale. The illegal opium trade was profitable to the British traders but did immense physical and moral damage to the Chinese. Inwhen a Chinese government official seized an opium cargo and destroyed it, Britain declared war and easily defeated the Chinese.

The Chinese were then forced to pay heavy damages to the British and to open five port cities to British traders The Chinese government also agreed that in future, British subjects in these ports would be tried for any history 10th ncert pdf 65 in English rather than in Chinese courts This provision, which other Western countries copied, came to be known as extraterritorial rights. The Chinese government was no longer free to impose tariff on foreign goods The island of Hong Kong was turned over to Britain.

Soon France entered into similar unequal treaties with China. On the 01th that a French missionary had been murdered, England and France fought another war with China.

China was defeated and was forced to grant more privileges to ppdf conquerors. The next important stage in the growth of imperialist control 6 China came after the wai with Japan This came about when Japan tried to increase her influence over Korea which was under Chinese overlordship.

China resented this rind the two countries went to war, which ended in victory for Japan China gave Korea her independence and ceded Formosa and other islands to Japan. She was also forced to pay Japan heavy war damages amounting to about million dollars.

France, Russia, Britain and Germany gave loans to China to help her to meet this payment. But not for nothing 1 These western countries then divided China into spheres of influence, which meant that each country had certain regions of China reserved exclusively for its purposes Foi example, in its sphere of influence, a country might have the right to build railways or work mines.

Russia took Liao tung Peninsula, along with the right to build railroads in Manchuria, France received Kwangchow Bay and extensive rights in three southern provinces history 10th ncert pdf 65 China Britain got WeihiWei in addition to her sphere of influence in the Yangtze valley.

The United States feared that China would be completely parcelled out in exclusive spheres of influence and that its trade with China would be shut off. The scramble for privileges stopped in China after an uprising against the foreign powers known as the Boxer Rebellion. But the foreign powers were victorious and levied heavy damages on China as punishment Imperialism continued, with the cooperation of Chinese warlords.

These military commanders were supported by the loans which they got from foreign powers in exchange for more privileges. The conquest of Malaya and Singapore meant control of all the trade of the Far East that passed through the Straits of Malacca. Indonesia and the surrounding islands were under Dutch control AfterHolland extended her control over a group of islands known as the Moluccas.

When England was fighting China over the opium trade, France was trying to extend her commerce in IndoChina. In a series of planned steps which included threats of war, France became ncerg master of IndoChina and the separate states were grouped together under a.

French governor general.

Simply said:

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