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It forms part of a contiguous urban area with Gourock to the west and Port Glasgow to the east. Place-name scholar William J. The name of the town has had various spellings over time.
Old Presbyterial records used Grenok , a common spelling until it was changed to Greenock around The spelling Greenoak was found in two factory accounts dating back to , and a legend developed of a green oak tree at the edge of the Clyde at William Street being used by fishermen to tie up their boats.
No reliable source has been found referencing green oaks, however, and so this has been generally dismissed as imaginative Anglophone folk etymology. Nonetheless the image has frequently been used as an emblem or logo, carved on public buildings, used on banners and badges, [7] and was once emblazoned on the local Co-operative Society emblem.
It reappeared in as the new shopping centre's name: The Oak Mall , which uses a green tree as its logo. The name is also recalled in a local song The Green Oak Tree. Significantly, no green oak appears on the former burgh coat of arms which features the three chalices of the Shaw Stewarts, a sailing ship in full sail and two herring above the motto God Speed Greenock.
Hugh de Grenock was created a Scottish Baron in , and the seat of the feudal barony of Greenock was apparently what became Easter Greenock Castle. Around his successor Malcolm Galbraith died with no sons, and his estate was divided between his two daughters to become two baronies: the eldest inherited Easter Greenock and married a Crawfurd, while Wester Greenock went to the younger daughter who married Schaw of Sauchie. Around the adjoining barony of Finnart was passed to the Schaw family, extending their holdings westward to the boundary of Gourock , and in Sir John Schaw founded Wester Greenock castle.
The Scottish Reformation of closed the chapels in the parish, and as the parish church was some 6 miles 10 kilometres distant at Inverkip over a difficult route which was impassable in winter, in John Schaw obtained a charter from King James VI to build a kirk for the "poor people upon Best Mega Yacht Builders Code his lands who were all fishers and of a reasonable number".
Later known as the Old Kirk or the Old West Kirk , it was constructed on the west bank of the West Burn estuary and is reputed to have been the first Protestant church built in Scotland after the Reformation. The Schaw, later Shaw and Shaw-Stewart , family retained a leading role in Greenock over the following centuries. The coast of Greenock formed a broad bay with three smaller indentations: the Bay of Quick was known as a safe anchorage as far back as The fishing village of Greenock developed along this bay, and around Sir John Schaw had a jetty built into the bay which became known as Sir John's Bay.
In that year he obtained a Charter raising Greenock to a Burgh of Barony with rights to a weekly market. When a pier or dyke was built making the bay an important harbour, the fishing village of Cartsdyke gained the alternative name of Crawfurdsdyke. In it was made into the Burgh of Barony of Crawfurdsdyke, and part of the ill-fated Darien Scheme set out from this pier in Its town was named Cartsburn. The fishing trade grew prosperous, with barrels of salted herring exported widely, and shipping trade developed.
As seagoing ships could not go further up the River Clyde , the Glasgow merchants including the Tobacco Lords wanted harbour access but were in disputes with Greenock over harbour dues and warehouses. They tried to buy the Garvel estate for a harbour when Easter Greenock lands were put up for sale to meet debts, but were outbid by Sir John Schaw who then got a Crown Charter of uniting Easter and Wester Greenock into the Burgh Barony of Greenock. A separate Barony of Cartsburn was created, the first baron being Thomas Craufurd.
In the City of Glasgow got the lease of 13 acres 5 hectares of land upriver close to Newark Castle , and construction promptly started on Newport Glasgow harbour which by had the principal Clyde custom house.
In and Schaw and residents of the town made unsuccessful bids to the Scottish Parliament for grants for a Greenock harbour, then when the Act of Union opened up trade to the Americas and the associated slave trade with West Africa, they raised their own funds.
The work was completed in , with quays extended out into Sir John's Bay to enclose the harbour. In the shipbuilding industry was founded when Scotts leased ground between the harbour and the West Burn to build fishing boats. Greenock rapidly became a major port and shipbuilding centre, and though tobacco imported from the colonies was taken to Glasgow by pack horse, the more bulky imports of sugar were processed locally.
From the dredging of the River Clyde increasingly allowed ships to take merchandise directly to Glasgow, but merchants continued to use Greenock harbour. The American Revolutionary War temporarily interrupted trade, and the gun battery of Fort Beauclerc near the West Burn was extended to guard against the threat of privateers , but the emphasis shifted to wider markets including imports of rum and sugar from the Caribbean , wines from Spain, and fish from North America. A whaling business operated for about 40 years.
Treated with what was, even for the times, exceptional brutality, they were forcibly disembarked in Newfoundland ; by the time they were returned to Scotland, three of them had died. The Captain and mate of the cargo ship were tried in a blaze of publicity at the Sheriff's Court and served short gaol terms. In Greenock became a custom house port as a branch of Port Glasgow , and for a period this operated from rooms leased in Greenock.
Receipts rose rapidly with the expansion of colonial trade, and in the custom house moved to new built premises at the West Quay of the harbour. By a new pier was constructed at the East Quay. In Europe's first steamboat service was introduced by PS Comet with frequent sailings between Glasgow, Greenock and Helensburgh , and as trade built up the pier became known as Steamboat Quay.
The custom house needed larger premises, and in May the foundation stone was laid at the quay for a Custom House building designed by William Burn , which was completed in Its gracious neoclassical architecture features a Grecian Doric portico looking out over the quayside, which was given the name Customhouse Quay.
By then there were scheduled steamboat sailings to Belfast , Derry , Liverpool, Inverness , Campbeltown , the Hebrides and "all the principal places in the Highlands". The Custom House underwent extensive refurbishment which was completed in and, until closure of the building in , housed a customs and excise museum which was open to the public.
In June HM Revenue and Customs HMRC announced that the building would close in as part of a rationalisation project with any jobs being transferred to offices in Glasgow , and despite a campaign to oppose these plans, the building closed in August Riverside Inverclyde arranged further refurbishment works, and in announced that space had already been let to companies including PG Paper Company Ltd and Toshiba which had planning permission to form meeting rooms and an executive office in the building.
Greenock became a centre of industry, with water power being used to process imported goods. In Loch Thom was constructed as a reservoir with The Cut aqueduct , bringing water to two lines of falls for water mills to power a paper mill, cotton and woollen mills, sugar refineries and shipbuilding. Greenock Central railway station at Cathcart Street opened in , for the first time providing a fast route from Glasgow to the coast linking up with Clyde steamer services.
The provision of this new line meant there was no need to take the steamer all the way down river from Glasgow. In the Caledonian Railway was bypassed by the rival Greenock and Ayrshire Railway which opened a station on the waterfront at its Albert Harbour station later renamed Princes Pier , served by a tunnel under Greenock's west end.
To regain custom, the Caledonian Railway extended what is now known as the Inverclyde Line the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway west to Gourock; this line was built to run inland through deep cuttings and tunnels, with a tunnel under the whole length of Newton Street crossing under the other railway tunnel to emerge near Fort Matilda railway station.
Spoil from the cuttings and tunnels was used to build an embankment out from the shore to a long timber wharf at Gourock railway station , providing space for railway sidings.
Greenock's increasing importance and wealth was manifested in the construction of the Italianate Municipal Buildings, whose Victoria Tower, completed in , stands feet 75 metres tall. The Municipal Buildings were bombed during World War 2 and what is known as Cowans Corner on the southern elevation of the building was destroyed beyond repair and remains like so today.
Cowan's Corner is named so after the story of how an obstinate shop owner took on the town council and thwarted its plans for the construction of the Municipal Buildings.
The council made every effort to reach a compromise but Robert refused to sell his property. Only when the plans were altered, owing to the fact the corner site could not be acquired, was Greenock's famous landmark � the Victoria Tower � designed. Work started on the Municipal Buildings in and was completed in After the buildings were finished, further legal proceedings started and a court decision meant Robert Cowan had to move.
The property at the corner of the square was destroyed during the Blitz of Despite Robert Cowan being forced out, it would appear the council could not proceed with any plans it had for the site prior to the Blitz. A Telegraph story stated that only a few years earlier had Greenock Corporation managed to negotiate its purchase due to conflicting claims by descendants of the original owners.
The article said that it had been suggested the corporation might finally be able to complete the Municipal Buildings to approximately the original designs. Cowan's Corner remains vacant but is a landscaped area with seating.
Further evidence of this wealth can be seen in the large villas of Greenock's west end, one time home to the ship owners, industrialists and investors.
The area is fronted by the mile long 1. The War of reawakened fears of American raids against Britain's ports. Earlier gun batteries had been dismantled and in ground was granted for a battery at Whitefarland Point. Fort Matilda was completed in and was sporadically modified over the century. The land to the west of this was common ground for inhabitants of the town, but in the Admiralty compulsorily purchased part of this land for a torpedo factory. The remaining Best Yacht Builders In The World Gym space was handed over to Greenock Corporation in as a public park.
The site was tasked with designing and testing of torpedoes , the testing taking place in Loch Long. During the Second World War the site switched entirely to manufacturing torpedoes. The original gun battery site was occupied by the Navy Buildings , the main offices, just to the east of the torpedo factory buildings. A church which became known as the Old West Kirk had been established in Greenock in under the patronage of John Schaw , the first built in Scotland since the Reformation.
It was extended over the years, at an early stage the Schaw aisle provided pews for the Laird of the Barony, built as a gallery to the east of the nave of the church. Opposite it, above the front entrance, is the Crawfurdsburn or Choir Gallery. At the south end of the nave, the Sailor's Loft gallery was built in and features a 19th-century model frigate, which replaced earlier models.
At the north end, the Farmer's Gallery is above the main seating area. A tower was added in the mid 19th century. The shipbuilders provided the Pirrie Hall to the south of the site: this was opened in February , just after the old church closed for work to commence, and was used during the works to accommodate services, enabling the congregation to see progress on the rebuilt kirk.
It then came into use as the church hall. The Church has a website. Greenock suffered badly during the Second World War and its anchorage at the Tail of the Bank became the base for the Home Fleet as well as the main assembly point for Atlantic convoys.
On the nights of 6 May and 7 May around Luftwaffe aircraft attacked the town in the Greenock Blitz. The base was hit on 7 May during the Greenock Blitz. A large building housing a drapery business constructed on Cowan's property at the corner of the Municipal Buildings was badly damaged and was demolished, leaving the blank brick corner area still known as "Cowan's Corner".
This was later set as a garden for the blind. The original blank brick of Cowans Corner was covered in as part of the continuing work to improve the look of the town centre. Greenock thrived in the post-war years but as the heavy industries declined in the s and s unemployment became a major problem, and it has only been in the last ten years with reinvestment and the redevelopment of large sections of the town that the local economy has started to revive.
Tourism has appeared as an unexpected bonus with the development of the Clydeport container port as Ocean Terminal, a passenger terminal for cruise ships touring the Atlantic.
Students who do not travel further afield for study often attend the Greenock campus of West College formerly known as James Watt College of Further and Higher Education. Greenock reached its population peak in 81, and was once the sixth largest town in Scotland. Until , Greenock was a parliamentary burgh in its own right. In , it became Greenock and Inverclyde. After the redistribution of Scottish seats, it was merged into an enlarged Inverclyde constituency � the first time in political history that Greenock has not been named in a parliamentary seat.
Greenock and Inverclyde remains a Scottish Parliament constituency. The Highlanders academy was built in , partly by subscription, and partly by grant from government, on a site given by the late Sir Michael Shaw Stewart.
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