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Question 1. Question 2. Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity. Answer: A person is identified as belonging to a particular nation by his cultural traditions and the language that he speaks. They give an identity to an individual wherever he is. For example, German will normally speak the German language fluently.
He will also follow German traditions and customs wherever he is in the world, as he would have imbibed them in his family from his childhood days.
Thus, he will be identified as a German national. Question 3. The poor peasants of Bengal grow jute by borrowing money from the local traders. They do hard labour in hope that they will get a fair price. But the traders cheat them. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer: One example from Asia The silk routes played an important role in establishing trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. West-bound Chinese silk cargoes travelled through these routes. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
They are known to have existed till the fifteenth century. Chinese pottery also travelled the same route as did textiles and spices from India and southeast Asia. In return, precious metals like gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
Besides, cultural exchanges also took place. Early Christian missionaries travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later. Food has an important role in long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. It is believed the noodles travelled west from China. Other common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, etc. From the sixteenth century, its vast lands, abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modem world helped in the colonisation of the Americas. Answer: i America was very rich in natural resources. It had vast lands, abundant crops and minerals. This attracted Europeans Portuguese and Spanish who were known for their superior firework. In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors proved to be the germs of smallpox and other diseases that they carried on their person. Smallpox in particular proved to be a deadly killer.
But not diseases such as smallpox to which the conquerors were mostly immune. Answer: a i The nineteenth-century Britain lacked self-sufficiency in food because of the fast population growth. The ever-increasing population increased the demand for food grains in Britain. This pushed up the Ncert Solutions Of Class 10th Chapter Number Format prices of food grains. But these laws were soon abolished as a result of which food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
Vast areas of land were left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They migrated to cities or overseas. Countries like Russia, America and Australia began to export food grains to meet the British demand. This further weakened the local producers. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Along the way the disease killed 90 per cent of the cattle.
Planters, mine owners and colonial governments took advantage of this situation. Thus, rinderpest played an important role in making Africa a puppet in the hands of colonisers. It saw the use of machine guns,tanks, aircrafts, chemical weapons, etc. The scale of death and destruction was beyond imagination. These deaths and injuries reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe, with fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.
They took jobs to run their families. Thus, their activities were no longer limited to home and hearth. The war taught them how to bear double burden. Hence, the impact of the Great Depression could be seen on India too. The depression immediately affected Indian trade. Between and , wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent.
This made the lives of peasants and farmers miserable. Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses. This made India an exporter of precious metals, notably gold. Indian gold exports promoted global economic recovery but the Indian peasants were bound to lead a miserable life.
Question 4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability. Answer: Technology played a major role in making food available.
This can be understood by the following examples:. Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point in America, Australia or New Zealand and then exported to Europe where meat was scarce. The poor in Europe could now add meat to their diet. Question 5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement? In this system, national currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. Question 6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean.
Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings. Actually the agents, who hired me and others, provided false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions. We are forced to live in harsh conditions. What is more we have been given few legal rights. I am very upset and so are my fellow indentured labourers.
In spite ofour best efforts, most of us fail to do the works allotted to us properly and in given time frame. In case of absenteeism from work, one is prosecuted and even sent to jail. Deductions are also made from wages if the work is considered to have been done unsatisfactorily.
Many labourers cannot therefore earn their full wages and are punished in various ways. Actually, we are slaves without any rights and freedoms. I am afraid I can lose my family. Although I am in great trouble, I have full faith in God. One day He will shower His blessings on me and my fellow labourers. Yours Raman. Question 7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a Ncert Solutions For Class 10th In English Report short account of it.
Answer: The three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange are:. With industrialisation, British cotton manufacture began to expand and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries. Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain.
As a result, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries. By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy. Question 8.
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