Ancient and Modern Ships, Part I. Wooden Sailing-ships, by Sir George C. V. Holmes

It will also be found useful by those studying for Mate and Master's Examinations. The book is not intended to be comprehensive, but to give an indication of typical methods of construction. The text is concise and profusely illustrated. It is suggested that those engineers studying at sea should first read part of the text, paying particular attention to the diagrams, and then compare the arrangements shown in the book with those on the ship wherever possible.

In this way the student will relate the text to the structure. The typical Examination Questions are intended as a revision of the whole wood ship construction 8th edition. The author wishes to acknowledge the considerable assistance given by his former colleagues and to the-following firms for permission to use their information and drawings: Fibreglass Ltd, C.

Terms 88th general use. Aluminium sections. Metallic arc welding, argon arc welding, types of joint and edge preparation, advantages and disadvantages, testing of welds, design of welded structure.

Brittle fracture. Side framing, tank 'side brackets, beam knees, web frames. Deck plating, beams, deck girders and pillars, discontinuities, hatches, steel hatch covers, watertight hatches.

Deep tanks for water ballast. Bossings and spectacle frame. Shaft tunnel. Kort nozzle, fixed nozzle, nozzle rudder.

Tail flaps and rotary cylinders. Bulk carriers, ore carriers. Container ships. Tonnage, gross rules, definitions, underdeck, and net tonnage, propelling power tonnage, modified allowance, alternative tonnage. Fire protection, definitions, passenger ships, dry cargo ships, oil tankers.

Classification of ships, wood ship construction 8th edition of class, surveys, discontinuities. Bow thrusters, controllable pitch thrusters, hydraulic thrust units. Rolling and stabilisation, reduction of woof, bilge keels, fin stabilisers, tank stabilisers. Vibration, causes and reduction. Corrosion, prevention, surface preparation, painting, cathodic protection, impressed current system, design and maintenance.

Examination in dry dock. Emergency repairs to structure. Engine casing. They include passenger ships, cargo ships. This book dial. Ind carlO. The cargo ships may be subdivided into tho. They range from small rlvlr ferries to large ocean-going vessels which are in the form of nOltln, hotels.

The larger. They usually cater for two or three classes of passenger, from tourist class to the more luxurious first class. Where only a. An ' IhI. Wood ship construction 8th edition a pUlen,er liner II one constructuon travels between particular ports. Because of their rigid timetable such ships are often used for carrying wood ship construction 8th edition and perishable goods shp their greatly restricted cargo space, their high speeds ensuring minimum time on passage.

The regulations enforced for the construction and maintenance of passenger ships are much more stringent than those for cargo ships edituon an attempt to provide safe sea passage. Many of the regulations are the result of losses of ships which were previously regarded as safe, sometimes with appalling loss of life. It is usual edotion these ships to carry a cargo of a 'general' nature, i. These vessels Arrangements are often made to carry up to 12 passengers.

These ships are designed to run at speeds of between editoon knots and 20 knots. At the extreme fore end is wood ship construction 8th edition tank known as wooe fore peak which may be used to carry construdtion ballast or fresh water. Above this tank is a chain locker and store space. Shi the after end is a tank known as the after peak enclosing the stern tube in a watertight compartment.

Between the peak bulkheads is a continuous tank top forming a double bottom space which is subdivided into tanks suitable for carrying wood ship construction 8th edition fuel, fresh water and water wood ship construction 8th edition. The machinery space Is shown aft of midships presenting an uneven distribution of cargo space.

This is a modern arrangement and slightly unusual, but has the effect of reducing the maximum bending moment. A more usual design in existing ships has the machinery space near midships, with wood ship construction 8th edition holds forward and two aft, similar to 8gh arrangement shown in Fig. The oil fuel bunkers and settling tanks are arranged adjacent to, or at the side of, the machinery space. From the after engine room bulkhead to the after peak bulkhead is a watertight shaft tunnel enclosing the shaft and allowing access to the shaft and bearings directly from the engine room.

An exit in the form of a vertical trunk is arranged at the after en 1of the tunnel in case of emergency. In a twin screw ship it is necessary to construct two such tunnels, although they may be joined together at the fore and after ends. The cargo space wood divided into lower holds and compartments between the decks, or 'tween decks. Many ships have three decks, thus forming upper and lower 'tween decks.

This system allows different cargoes to be carried in different compartments and reduces the possibility of crushing the cargo. Wood ship construction 8th edition to the cargo wood ship construction 8th edition constructkon provided by means of large hatchways. Suitable cargo handling equipment is provided in the form of either derricks or cranes.

Heavy wood ship construction 8th edition equipment is usually fitted connstruction way of one hatch. A forecastle is fitted to reduce the amount of water shipped forward and to provide adequate working space for handling ropes and cables. They are often run on charter to carry bulk cargo or general cargo, and are somewhat slower than the cargo liners.

Much of their work is being taken over by bulk carriers. The arrangement of this ship is similar to that shown for the cargo liner, except that the machinery space is amidships. Many ships have no such subdivision, the compartment being alternatively a hold or a deep tank depending upon whether the ship carries cargo or is in a ballast condition.

The former wood ship construction 8th edition has constructikn advantage of reducing the stresses in the ship if, in the loaded condition, the deep tank is left. The machinery is situated aft to provide an into cknstruction by unbroken wood ship construction 8th edition space which is divided longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. The tanks are separated from the machinery space by an empty compartment known as a cofferdam.

A pump room is provided at the after end of the cargo space and may form part of the cofferdam. Consyruction double bottom is required only in way of the machinery space and may be used for the editioh of oil fuel and fresh water.

A forecastle is sometimes required and is used as a store space. The wpod and navigation spaces are provided at the after end, leaving the deck space unbroken by superstructure and concentrating all the services and catering equipment in one area.

Much of the eition space is taken by pipes and hatches. It is usual to provide a longitudinal platform to allow easy access to the fore end, above the pipes. The centre tank is usually about half the width 8tth th. They are designed for of loading and discharging with the machinery space aft, wlna continuous, unbroken cargo space. They are single dICk v'1H11 having long, wide hatches, closed by steel covers.

Th, double bottom runs from stem to stem. In ships designed for heavy car. This system raises the centre of gravity of the ore, resulting in a more comfortable wood ship construction 8th edition. The double bottom and the construcrion compartments may be used as ballast tanks for the return vOYRle. Some vessels, however, are designed to carry an dv.

Ides are fitted to facilitate the discharge ot car. The spaces at the sides of the hatcha are plated in as shown in Fig. In shop bulk carriers a tunnel is fitted below the deck from constructlon midship superstructure to the accommodation at the after end. The remamder of the wing space may be used for water ballast.

Some bulk carriers are built with alternate long and short compartments. Thus t8h a heavy cargo such as iron ore is carried, it is snip into the short holds. It is usual practice in colliers, and in most other coastal. Clen are usually much smaller than the usual range of bulk oarrierl, beina used mainly for coastal trading. The machinery space is consgruction aft, but in small vessels this anat.

The machinery itself is heavy, but ,'" yolume of the machinery space is relatively large. Thus the wtlaht of the machinery is much less than the weight of a normal which could be carried in the space. In the lightship or bIi t aondltlon, the ship trims heavily by the stern, but in the. This conztruction a raised quarter deck ship. The double bottom is continuous in the cargo space, being knuckled up at the bilges to form hopper sides which improve the rate of discharge of cargo.

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Pages are held in place by two staples. Greek and Roman oared warships. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Warington May 16, Journal of the Society of Arts.

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Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. This ship had a tendency to flex in heavy seas, causing the planks to twist and buckle due to their extreme length despite being fitted with metal bracing.

Water was evacuated nearly constantly by steam pumps. It foundered in heavy seas with loss of all hands. A paddle steamer used to ferry passengers and trains across the Carquinez Strait between Benicia and Port Costa, California. At the time of its construction, it was the largest ferryboat ever built. Unlike its later sister, the Contra Costa which had a steel hull, the wooden-hulled Solano had tall masts in the center of mass "hogposts" anchoring several wires "guys" that strengthened the hull against the weight of the trains.

Largest wooden ship of the line ever launched, with guns. In , she had her steam engines removed and was relegated to training duties. USS Dunderberg later Rochambeau. About 50 feet 15 m of her length was a ram. She was not particularly stable or seaworthy and only made one oceanic voyage to reach her new owners.

First timber ship or disposable ship [2] with a four-masted barque rigging. Built in Quebec to avoid taxes on timber, her cargo and components were intended to be sold after the ship's arrival in London ; however, the owner had only the cargo sold and ordered the ship back for a second voyage with a timber cargo; the ship broke apart and sunk in the English Channel.

Caligula's Giant Ship. Traces of this Roman barge were found during the construction of Leonardo da Vinci International Airport at Fiumicino, Italy , just north of the ancient port of Ostia. According to Pliny , this or a similar ship was used to transport the obelisk in St.

Peter's Square from Egypt on the orders of Emperor Caligula. A barge built for use on the Great Lakes. To strengthen the wooden frame and hull, steel keelson plates, chords, and arches were included, and was also diagonally strapped with steel. A donkey engine powered a pump to keep the interior dry.

Great Republic later Denmark. The largest wooden clipper ship ever built. It used iron bolts and was reinforced with steel, including ninety foot 11 m 4x1-inch cross braces, and metal keelsons. Sister British warships that suffered structural problems due to their length despite having internal iron strapping to support the hull. It saw action at the French conquest of Tunisia.

William D. Largest wooden cargo ship ever built in Canada. It passed to Norwegian ownership in and was converted into a barge in Sank while under tow at Dakar. A wooden-hulled central battery ironclad that served in the French Navy's Mediterranean Squadron.

Belyana type ships. Belyana s were Russian freshwater ships used for log driving on the Volga and Vetluga rivers. Their bottom was made from fir and sidings from pine and featured a complement of 60 to 80 workers.

The largest Belyana s could transport up to 13,, kilograms 29,, lb of logs all stacked on their deck in the form of an inverted pyramid. Morrow until A huge four-masted barque with skysails of a total length of ft m and 3, GRT. In she was under the command of Captain Jabez A. Amesbury when she caught fire while loading at the anchorage of Noumea and burned to the waterline.

This ship used iron bolts and steel reinforcements. A Great Lakes steamship capable of carrying 3, tons of bulk cargo. Built with metallic cross bracing, keelson plates, and multiple arches because of her extreme length. Several syphons and steam-driven pumps were required to keep her afloat.

Towed the steamer barge Santiago. Baron of Renfrew. This unseaworthy [14] British ship was a disposable ship. Created to avoid taxes on timber, the components were intended to be sold after the ship's arrival from Quebec to London. The ship stranded on the Goodwin Sands and broke apart while being towed with a pilot aboard. Parts of her timber were found on the French coast.

Frank O'Connor [15]. A steam screw operating on the Great Lakes, it required an innovative iron and steel-reinforced hull to be a viable vessel.

A steamboat with twin, foot paddlewheels that carried railcars, cars and passengers across San Francisco Bay. A lake freighter that sank on September 2, , on Lake Superior with the loss of all hands.

A lake freighter that sank on Lake Michigan with the loss of all hands. Her wreck was located in HMS Bellerophon. A Royal Navy central battery ironclad. It served in the Channel Fleet and North America. Haian Yuyuen. Twin steam-powered frigates of the Imperial Chinese Navy , and the largest vessels built in China until the s.

Yuyuen was sunk in action during the Sino-French War ; Haian survived, but was hulked after being used as a blockship in the same war, and was scrapped years later. Sagunto also Amadeo I. Designed as a gun screw-propelled frigate but turned into an armored frigate during construction. The hull was wooden but fully covered by iron plates. Turned into a hulk in A gun frigate of the Portuguese Navy.

It became a training ship in and was permanently moored at Lisbon after Despite this, it was named the flagship of Portugal's European squadron in Two years later it became a naval school and museum ship. It is currently displayed in Almada. A Spanish armored frigate built in Cartagena with a wooden hull covered by iron plates.

Became a torpedo training ship in Cutty Sark [20]. Built as one of the last and fastest clippers for the tea trade with China, it switched to transporting wool from Australia after the Suez Canal was built. It was sold to a Portuguese company and used as a cargo ship between and , when it was reacquired by British citizens and eventually restored for exhibition. Sister ships reputed at once to be the heaviest wooden ships ever built, the fastest steaming wooden ships, and the slowest-sailing ironclads in the Royal Navy.

Both served in the Channel Fleet and the Mediterranean Squadron. Lord Clyde was plagued with engineering problems and was sold for scrap after it run aground and its hull was found to be rotten.

Lord Warden had a more distinguished career, serving in the Reserve at the Firth of Forth after leaving the Mediterranean.

A Spanish ironclad with a wooden hull covered entirely by iron plates. It served mostly in the Caribbean. HMS Galatea. First armored frigate built in Spain, in the Ferrol royal shipyard , with a wooden hull covered by iron plates.

She burned as a result of sabotage during the Cantonal Revolution. A Kuwaiti non-seagoing model of a dhow , reputed to be the largest ever built. Lost in a heavy storm three days after leaving Noumea, New Caledonia , for Delaware with a cargo of 3, tons of nickel ore.

This ship used also iron bolts and steel reinforcements. It sank at night, due to unruly weather, but without loss of life or cargo. It was equipped with an 8-boiler steam engine and a propeller that could be retracted to streamline the hull when sailing under sail only. It saw action during the Crimean War , and was used as a school ship after Morning Light later Jacob Fritz.

Largest vessel in British North America at the time of its construction. Sold to a German company in , and found wrecked and abandoned north of New Jersey , in Sister gun ships that were the last commissioned three-deckers ships of the line of the Royal Navy.

The hulls were strapped with diagonal iron riders for extra stability, and they combined sail propulsion with a two-funnel marine steam engine that made them among the fastest ships of the line ever built. This galleon featured guns, and space for marines and a man-strong crew. She was the largest ship of her time.

First ocean-going ironclad, developed in response to the use of explosive shells in the Crimean War. A full-rigged ship intended to be the largest wooden ship built in Canada, but the hull had to be shortened after the keel's timber was damaged during construction. It transported cargo between South America and Australia, and between the United States and Canada, during her career. HMS Algiers. A screw-propelled, gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched after several changes in design since first conceived in Saw action at the Crimean War before being transferred to Malta and British home waters.

A gun ship of the line of the French Navy, the first purpose-built steam battleship in the world, and the first screw battleship. A gun screw-propelled first-rate three-decker line-of-battle ship of the Royal Navy. Renamed in and hulked in Sovereign of the Seas. It wrecked on the Strait of Malacca while covering the route between Hamburg and China.

It the largest warship in the world for several years. The ship-of-the-line that was 76 m ft long with a beam of 21 m 69 ft , was armed with cannon on three decks with complement of 1, She participated in many naval battles, including the Siege of Sevastopol � during the Crimean War. A paddle steamer that was the second steamship built for the trans-Atlantic route and the largest passenger liner at the time it was built.

HMS Atlas later Atlas. A gun second rate ship of the line that was never completed and spent her entire career in reserve and later, as a civilian-owned hospital ship. City of Adelaide [24]. A clipper ship built to transport passengers and goods between Britain and Australia. In she became a floating hospital, and between and she served in the Royal Navy as a school ship, HMS Carrick.

After being displayed in Scotland for decades, it was moved to its namesake Port Adelaide in County of Yarmouth.

A full-rigged ship built for trade with South America. It was dismasted and set to be broken up in , but it was purchased in the last moment by the Argentinian Navy. Its later fate is unknown. SS President. The largest passenger liner in the world, and the first steamship lost on the trans-Atlantic route when it disappeared on its third voyage with all people on board.

George Spencer. A lake freighter built to carry iron ore on the Great Lakes. She wrecked in the infamous Mataafa Storm of Keangsoo later Kasuga. A paddle steamer commissioned in the Isle of Wight by Prince Gong of the Qing Dynasty for use in the Taiping Rebellion , but never delivered as the British crew refused to take orders from Chinese officers.

HMS Royal Sovereign. Designed as a gun first rate ship of the line but modified to a gun screw ship during construction. In , she was razed and further converted to an experimental armored turret ship for coastal defence , the first built in Britain as well as the smallest and only with a wooden hull.

Sister gun screw-propelled, first rate ships of the line of the Royal Navy. Conqueror was wrecked in the Bahamas while carrying troops to the French Intervention in Mexico , but all aboard could be saved. Donegal served in Mexico, Liverpool and China until , when it was hulked and merged into the Torpedo School at Portsmouth under the name Vernon.

Scrapped in , some of her timbers were used to build the Prince of Wales public house in Brighouse. Michael later Grande Nef d'Ecosse. Second Nemi ship. Believed to have been used as a pleasure barge or floating palace by Caligula.

First gun screw two-decker ship of the line of the Royal Navy. It later served as inspiration for the slightly longer HMS Conqueror. Saw action at the Crimean War. Lealtad class. Three sister steam and sail-powered armored frigates with wooden hulls that served in the French Intervention in Mexico , the Chincha Islands War and the Cantonal Revolution. Great Western. A steamship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for regular transatlantic steam "packet boat" service.

In addition to the paddle wheels, she carried four masts for supplementary propulsion and stability. Ville de Nantes class. A prestige flagship of the English Royal Navy , designed as a gun first-rate ship of the line but launched with guns at the insistence of Charles I.

Her most extravagant decoration earned her the nickname of "Golden Devil". A screw-propelled steam frigate of the Royal Danish Navy , it saw action at the Battle of Heligoland Currently preserved in Ebeltoft. Agamemnon was one of two ships used to lay the first Transatlantic telegraph cable in Victor Emmanuel served in the English Channel, Mediterranean and Africa during the Anglo-Ashanti wars before it was stationed as a hospital and receiving ship in Hong Kong , in Agamemnon was broken up in and Victor Emmanuel was sold out in First Nemi ship.

A slightly smaller ship discovered in Lake Nemi and built around the same time as the second ship; its purpose is unknown. Also destroyed in World War II. HMS Victory. A gun ship of the line of the Royal Navy.

Oldest naval ship still in commission and the only remaining ship of the line. Currently in dry dock at Portsmouth as a museum ship. It is the flagship of the First Sea Lord.

A warship sunk on her maiden voyage when a gale forced water onto the ship; she fell over on her port side and sank. The ship was well preserved and recovered relatively intact in She is now in the Vasa Museum in Stockholm , Sweden. Joseph H. A cargo ship wrecked and looted by locals off the coast of Torquay , Australia. Twelve Spanish sister ships of the line built in the Ferrol royal shipyards under supervision of the Marquis of Ensenada and nicknamed "the Twelve Apostles ".

They had between 68 and 74 guns each. Royal Albert. A gun three-decker of the Royal Navy, designed as sail-powered only but converted to screw propulsion during construction. Britannia class. Wooden paddlers that were the first fleet of the Cunard Line and the first year round scheduled Atlantic steamship service, with a capacity for passengers.

Most units were sold to different European navies in � Twin sister ships of the line, the last built in Spain. Isabel II served in Mexico and Morocco before becoming a school ship in , a hulk in , and a prison ship in ; she sunk in but was salvaged and broken up. HMS Queen. Refitted and converted to screw propulsion in Grace Dieu.

An English carrack used as King Henry V 's flagship. She burned after being hit by lightning. HMS Princess Royal. A three-masted barque. The beached ship burned to the waterline in , but the lower hull was buried and preserved in river silt. Named after the French frigate but built following the plans of the British frigate HMS Concorde , both smaller.

Construction started in and used mostly traditional tools and techniques. Kong Sverre. A steam and sail powered frigate of the Royal Norwegian Navy originally planned to be "Europe's Horror", the most technologically advanced warship in the world. However, after several delays in construction, it was found already obsolete at the time of launch and it spent most of its career in storage at a harbor.

It was a school ship between and , when it was put again in storage due to poor maintenance, and was never fit for service again. Largest three-decker of the French Navy and largest tall ship ever built in France. Unlike other sail ships of its time, it was never modified for steam power despite being difficult to manoeuvre, and often had to be towed by smaller steam ships during its service in the Crimean War.

It was turned into a school ship in USS Pennsylvania. Largest and most heavily armed American wooden sailing warship. It mounted guns and made only one voyage. After being laid up at the Norfolk Navy Yard for several years, it was burned to prevent its capture by the Confederates at the start of the American Civil War.

The last Canadian square-rigger barque of large tonnage, built for trade with South America and Britain. It was made of spruce but fastened with copper and iron.

Converted to a transport ship in World War I and sunk during a storm off the coast of Wales in Built as a prototype for a new German Navy class of ocean-going minesweepers with an all- glued laminated timber hull that never entered production. It served as a trials ship until , when it was rebuilt as a training and support vessel for mine-clearing divers, renamed and recommissioned in this capacity.

Caledonia class. Originally sail-powered, they were all converted to steam in the s. Rodney class. Three gun second rate ships of the line. They were among the last unarmored ships of the Royal Navy to be in full commission. Albion class. Hercule class.

The first were sail powered only; later units were converted to steam, and the last one was built with an engine. USS Constitution. The second-oldest commissioned warship after the Royal Navy's HMS Victory in the world and the oldest wooden ship still sailing. A gun first-rate triple-decker of the Royal Navy. Served as a gunnery ship off Plymouth after Nelson class.

All three units built were sail-powered only originally, though the first HMS Nelson was given a steam engine in Royal Louis. A gun First-rate ship of the line of the French Royal Navy. Duquesne Tourville. Sister gun sail and steam ships of the line that were used in the Crimean War and the French Intervention in Mexico.

Later on, Duquesne was used as floating barracks, and Tourville as a prison ship for survivors of the Paris Commune. One of the few four-deckers ever built with guns. Despite this, it saw extensive action in the American Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars , even surviving and escaping successfully after being attacked by four warships and losing all her sails at the Battle of Cape St.

It was ultimately captured and scuttled after the Battle of Trafalgar. An extreme composite clipper, built to replace the ship of the same name wrecked the year before, which had been the favorite of the company owner, Jock Willis.

Disappeared while sailing from Adelaide, Australia to London. After sustaining great damage in the Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue , it docked at Cherbourg for repairs, where it was surprised and subsequently destroyed. USS Constellation. A sloop-of-war and the last sail-only warship designed and built by the US Navy.

The second Constellation served in the American Civil War. Fu Po. It was hulked in , but was refitted for service in as a response to piracy. Suffren class. A gun ship of the line design of the French Navy, first to have straight walls instead of tumblehome. The heightened center of gravity was compensated with new underwater stabilisers. All units completed after were modified to have steam in addition to sail power.

A gun elevated to in ship of the line of the French Navy. Dismasted at the Glorious First of June , it narrowly avoided capture and was restored to service.

Commerce de Paris class. Auguste later Jacobin. An gun ship of the line active in the American and French revolutionary wars. Sunk during a storm along with most of her crew.

Twin gun ships of the line, with a design inspired on HMS Victory. Their fate after being sold out of the Royal Navy in and respectively , is unknown.

Ordered as a gun second rate but re-rated and launched as a gun first rate ship of the line. It was placed on harbor service in , hulked in , and renamed HMS Pitt in It was sold out of the Navy in La Real. Though victorious in its duel with the Ottoman flagship Sultana , it was so damaged upon its return to Messina that the victory feast was not made aboard.

Its fate is unknown but it might have sunk there shortly after. A gun, first rate ship of the line of the French Navy. Saw action during the American Revolutionary War.

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