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Micro-hydro turbines can be a very efficient and convenient form of small-scale renewable electricity. Suitable sites will not be that common, because the best locations will be on steep hills, with fast flowing water. Community ownership is a great way of setting up and using hydropower. The upfront cost of hydro power can be quite high, but on a suitable site it can be a good long-term investment.

On off-grid sites a hydro turbine should be much boat and stream questions pdf in the long term than running a diesel generator for electricity. When CAT started in the mids, it was a big quwstions that we had a great site for harnessing water power.

We installed a second-hand micro-hydro turbine to provide much of the electricity we needed around the site. CAT has recently upgraded to a new turbine, which you can see if you visit. To estimate the energy in a water source, multiply the flow in litres per second by the head in metres by 10 acceleration due to gravity.

Halve that result, to account for losses and inefficiencies, to get an idea of potential power generation in watts. How much electricity you can generate per year will depend on the boat and stream questions pdf water flows on your site.

Qustions available head and flow on your site would need to be assessed in order to choose a suitable turbine. As the Boat And Stream Questions For Competitive Exams Facebook equation above makes clear, a higher head gives you more power to harness. Also, as a high head turbine will spin very quickly, there may be no need for complex gearboxes or belts. You usually need a drop of over 10 metres for a higher strsam turbine to be viable.

These types, such as Pelton or Turgo turbines, are comparatively cheap, easy to install and work well in a fluctuating water flow. For a low head sites there are Crossflow or Archimedes Screw turbines, which tend to be much bigger for the same power output boat and stream questions pdf they need to deal with a larger flow rate.

Micro-hydro installations are extremely site-specific. Prices vary widely depending on the type and boat and stream questions pdf of system ajd how much work you are able to put in. See for example the Powerspout range of turbines, for low or high head sites. Another possible low boat and stream questions pdf solution is to adapt a water pump so boat and stream questions pdf it operates as a turbine.

A micro-hydro scheme may well cost much more than a solar PV array of similar kilowatt rating. Whatever you can use directly will save you about 16p per kWh, based on current electricity prices.

This applies to any site-generated electricity that you export to the grid rather than using directly. Therefore, to claim SEG payments you will need a type of smart meter able to measure exported electricity which many first generation smart meters cannot. You should shop around and compare the prices offered for boat and stream questions pdf exported electricity.

Some companies may offer a decent SEG price of over 5 boat and stream questions pdf per kWh, but some might pay 1p per kWh or. The STA says a fair quetions is between 5 and 6 pence per kWh. That sort of price is comparable qyestions the wholesale market rates that large generators get for selling electricity.

For more information on working out if micro-hydro power would suit your site, please see the questions below, or some of the courses and workshops CAT offers.

You can visit CAT to see our own water power systems. We also offer hydro power workshops for educational groups, and a detailed technical course on Hydroelectric and Marine Energy Generation.

There are several methods for measuring flow rate for a potential micro-hydro scheme. The methods vary in complexity and in accuracy.

For a small stream, the easiest way is to divert the entire flow into a container of known size and time how long it takes to. Dividing volume by time gives a rough estimate of the flow rate.

For a larger stream, an initial estimate can be boat and stream questions pdf by multiplying the speed of the water by the cross-sectional area. The speed is measured by timing a float along a measured distance of stream preferably straight and free from obstacles and multiplying by a factor of between Aptitude Questions On Boats And Streams Pdf Pc 0.

The area can be calculated by measuring the depth at several points across the stream, taking the average and multiplying by the width at that point. A more accurate method of flow measurement involves building a wooden weir across the qurstions, with either a V-shaped or rectangular notch cut in it.

If the height of water flowing over the weir is measured, then the flow rate can be worked out see below for. Although this method involves a lot of work initially, it is then easy to take readings from the weir boat and stream questions pdf a period of time and establish the flow variation.

An entirely different approach is to calculate anf catchment boat and stream questions pdf of the stream from a large scale map and then calculate the expected run-off using rainfall statistics such as those available from the Met Office. Results questtions this method can be extremely accurate, and they also predict how the flow will vary over the year.

The distance from the questuons edge of the notch to the stream edge or bank should be at least 2 x h for both types of weir. The weirs need to be watertight, with accurate angles and sharp edges, and be mounted vertically and at right-angles to the water flow.

The weir should be ventilated by air under the crest blat falling water. Unfortunately this book is currently out of print, but you may be able to find it through a library or second-hand. If you are planning to divert more than 20 cubic metres 20, litres or about 4, gallons of water per day from a watercourse then you will need an abstraction licence � even though the water is going back into the watercourse after going through a turbine. Virtually all small hydro projects will require such a license, as even a flow rate of 1 litre per second amounts to 86 cubic metres per day.

Certain environmental protection measures will generally be linked to the permission given. These include leaving a certain flow in the river i. For information about abstraction licences, and the bodies involved in giving permission in different parts of the UK, see the UK government webpage on the environmental management of water. The British Hydro Association website has a guide to micro hydroincluding more detail on these planning considerations.

A watermill is an effective way of generating mechanical rather the electrical power, to operate machinery directly. A large, slow-moving body of water gives a high torque turning force. Waterwheels therefore operate at low rotational speeds less than 15rpm and produce very high torque. This makes it difficult to generate anf. Motors or generators that run at very low rpm boat and stream questions pdf very large and expensive; even a rpm motor is much bigger than a rpm one.

The large size of waterwheels also makes them expensive to construct compared to a water turbine, and they need a lot of maintenance. It can be possible to adapt a waterwheel. Or for a small site, the low-head turbine made by Powerspout.

Where boat and stream questions pdf is virtually no drop at all, harnessing water power effectively will be very difficult and may well not be worthwhile.

Perhaps enough for trickle-charging a 12 volt battery, and maybe cost effective if the alternative is a diesel engine. The efficiency of the turbine boat and stream questions pdf then be a big factor in how much of that power can actually be converted into electricity or into mechanical power for an undershot waterwheel. For fixed or towed turbines, the efficiency tends to be quite strewm. An example of power output is about watts in a flow of 4 metres per second from a rotor diameter of about 30cm.

A small low-head turbine could generate about 1 kilowatt watts from a flow of litres per second dropping through 2 metres. So much more energy from a smaller flow, as long as a boat and stream questions pdf head can be created by channeling the water flow over a small distance.

It will not simply ans a matter of placing a propeller-type turbine into a stream. There will be various issues that need to be addressed to ensure a long operating life:. We have a ram pump on display boat and stream questions pdf at CAT. The ram pump is not a new technology. It was first developed around by one of the Montgolfier brothers � famous as the inventors of hot-air balloons.

Ram pumps have been manufactured in the UK ever since, and became very common in rural parts of Britain in the early 20th century. The increasing availability of mains water and cheap power for pumping during the last century led to a decline in their use in the UK, but they remain a reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly option in the right situation. In remote and hilly areas they offer a reliable water pumping option.

It is possible to adapt certain types of water pump so that they effectively act in reverse, and can be used to generate electricity. This has the potential to be much cheaper � for an output of a few kilowatts it could save several bota pounds.

Our online shop stocks the book Pumps as Turbines: A users guide. This gives practical, technical information on the use questiohs standard pump units as a low-cost alternative to conventional turbines. The focus is on providing stand-alone electricity generation in remote locations. The 4kW turbine is expected to feed about 19, kWh of electricity into the grid each year.

If you have found our Free Information Service useful, why not read more about ways you can support CAT, or make a donation. Micro-Hydro Power. How much ;df can I generate?

What sort of turbine should I use? What will it boat and stream questions pdf How much will it pay back? Further advice For more information on working out if micro-hydro power would suit your site, please see the questions below, or some of the courses and workshops CAT offers.

Share on social Share on Twitter Sstream on Facebook. Related Questions How do I measure flow rate for a micro hydro scheme? Notched weirs for hydro power survey Q is the flow rate in cubic metres per second h in metres is the height of water above the base of the notch L is the width of the rectangular notch, and must be at least 3 x h The distance from the outer edge of the notch to the stream edge or bank should be at least 2 x h for both types of weir.

Larger schemes may involve additional permissions, for example if a reservoir is included. A is the cross-sectional area swept by the rotor Boat and stream questions pdf efficiency of the turbine will then be a big factor in how much of that power can actually be converted into electricity or into mechanical power anr an undershot waterwheel.

Other issues with a boat and stream questions pdf head turbine It will not simply be a matter of placing a propeller-type turbine into a stream. There will be various issues that need to boat and stream questions pdf addressed to ensure a long operating life: Debris coming down the stream when it is in spate, and damaging the turbine or mountings. Some ground work may have to be done in small streams to make sure there that there is sufficient depth to submerge the turbine at low flows.

At 12 or 24 volts Boat and stream questions pdf output, heavy cable will be needed to run from the generator to the house, and this can be costly e.

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